The invention discloses a seismic attenuation estimation method, system, equipment and storage medium based on sparse S transformation and adaptive logarithmic spectral ratio method, belonging to the research field of exploration geophysics. The invention uses sparse S transformation to solve the time spectrum of seismic data , compared with the traditional S transform, the time spectrum energy is more concentrated, which is beneficial to improve the accuracy of the Q value estimated by the logarithmic spectral ratio method; the present invention introduces an adaptive frequency band selection method, which avoids the artificial influence that may be caused by manually selecting the frequency band range. , which improves the reliability of the Q-value estimation results. Secondly, the invention uses sparse S transform, which has a certain inhibitory effect on noise, which makes it possible to avoid serious interference of noise when extracting the spectrum at the upper and lower layers of the target area and use the logarithmic spectral ratio method to estimate the Q value, and improves the Noise immunity of Q-value estimates.