The invention discloses a cable coupling noise suppression method based on sparse optimization of a time-frequency domain. The method comprises the steps of 01, determining two conversion dictionaries for morphological component analysis according to morphological characteristics of an effective signal waveform and cable coupling noise, and forming an over-complete dictionary; 02, performing single track treatment on original seismic record data by using a segmented coordinate relaxation algorithm to achieve signal and noise separation, thus acquiring primarily noise-suppressed data; 03, performing high-pass filtering treatment on the primarily noise-suppressed data, subtracting the high-pass filtered noise data from the original data to acquire the effective signal data, thus eliminating wave dispersion; and repeating the steps 02-03 until the data of all tracks is processed. According to the method provided by the invention, the problem of interference of the cable coupling noise in the seismic data collected by distributed optical fibers is solved, and the cable coupling noise is thoroughly suppressed. In addition, the method provided by the invention can perform single-shot treatment, is good in adaptation, and can perform treatment in parallel, and meet industrial large-scale computing requirement.