The invention discloses a coronavirus rapid detection kit based on S protein ligand and ACE2 receptor competitive chromatography. The coronavirus rapid detection kit comprises quantum dot labeled ACE2protein, quantum dot labeled rabbit IgG, recombinant coronavirus spinous process protein S1, goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody, an immunochromatographic test strip and other materials. The detection sensitivity is improved through quantum dot fluorescence labeling and multistage coupling amplification signals, the detection specificity is improved and the antibody research and developmentcycle is avoided by utilizing the ligand and receptor binding principle, the kit capable of rapidly detecting coronavirus is provided, and the biosafety in the detection process is guaranteed by establishing a virus inactivation system. The kit disclosed by the invention is suitable for detecting various biological samples and environmental samples such as oral mucosa liquid, respiratory tracts, whole blood, plasma, serum, excrement and the like, and can be applied to rapid detection of coronaviruses taking ACE2 as a receptor, such as SARS-CoV-19, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and the like.