The invention provides a heat exchange device of an air inlet and outlet pipe system and belongs to the technical field of mechanical design. The heat exchange device of the air inlet and outlet pipe system comprises an air inlet pipe, an engine, an air outlet pipe, an air compressor, a turbine, connecting pipes, a volume cavity, a moving body and a spring. The moving body is installed in the volume cavity and contacted with the inner wall surface of the volume cavity in sealing mode, a penetrating pipe penetrates through the upper wall surface and the lower wall surface of the moving body, and two ends of the spring are respectively connected with a left wall surface of the moving body and the left wall surface of the volume cavity. When the engine is at a low-speed working condition, the moving body moves rightward in the volume cavity, a second connecting pipe is communicated with a fifth connecting pipe, outlet air waste heat is used for heating inlet air, cold starting performance of the engine is good; and when the engine is at a high-speed working condition, the moving body moves leftward in the volume body, and the second connecting pipe is separated from the fifth connecting pipe. The heat exchange device of the air inlet and outlet pipe system is reasonable in design, simple in structure and suitable for an engine inlet air heating system with a turbocharger.