The invention discloses a surrounding rock weathering simulation device and a surrounding rock weathering simulation method for underground roadways, and is applicable to weathering simulation of easily-weathered roadway surrounding rock in mine shafts. The surrounding rock weathering simulation device comprises a constant temperature system, a constant temperature and humidity system, a weathering system, a ventilation system and a data acquisition system. The surrounding rock weathering simulation method includes putting a test piece simulating the surrounding rock of the roadways into a sealing box and fastened, sequentially turning on the constant temperature system and the constant temperature and humidity system, setting the temperature and the humidity as standard values specified by an experiment, and turning on the data acquisition system; turning on a negative-pressure fan to start the weathering simulation experiment, wherein the data acquisition system monitors temperature,humidity and wind speed of gases flowing into the test piece in real time, and observes and records surface weathering changes at different time through a camera in real time. The surrounding rock weathering simulation device and the surrounding rock weathering simulation method have the advantages of visually-observed detection result, high precision, modularized design, easiness in operation and low cost.