48 results about "Rock weathering" patented technology

A dynamic carbon and static carbon mutual conversion method includes: planting rank vegetations, and repeatedly cutting and storing to convert 'dynamic carbon' in the atmosphere into 'static carbon' in the biosphere; controlling biomass oxidation quantity to balance the total quantity of 'dynamic carbon' in the atmosphere; intervening soil wind erosion, rock weathering, monsoon circulation and ocean current distribution regularities to restrain 'static carbon' in the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere from transferring into the atmosphere; increasing biomass in coastal wetlands, continental shelf shallow areas, rivers and lakes to promote 'static carbon' in the hydrosphere to transfer into the lithosphere; replacing fossil fuels with clean energy to reduce incremental quantityof 'dynamic carbon' in the atmosphere; developing new climate economy to increase bio-carbon products and increase storage of 'static carbon' in the biosphere; clearing 'dynamic carbon' in the atmosphere according to physical and chemical methods so as to regulate the greenhouse effect, eliminate dust haze, slow down global climate change speed and prolong survival time of human on the earth.

The invention discloses a rock image weathering degree detection method and system based on deep learning. A neural network image recognition technology based on deep learning is applied to automaticdetection of the rock weathering degree, and the deep learning network is enabled to automatically output a rock weathering degree detection result by constructing and training the deep learning network. The automatic identification technology has relatively high accuracy; errors existing in traditional manual judgment of the rock weathering degree are reduced, the rock image recognition efficiency and accuracy are improved, and therefore the engineering labor cost is saved, real-time recognition and classification can be achieved, information can be input in time, the processing progress of field problems can be effectively tracked, image data are stored and shared on a platform, and an image classification management system is optimized.

The invention provides a rock weathering speed measurement method. The rock weathering speed measurement method comprises the steps of firstly discovering microscopic weathering characteristics in the initial rock weathering stage, namely the natural phenomenon that microcracks formed in fracture planes after rock failure continuously extend in rocks, and definitely defining the starting and stopping points and the starting and stopping time of the rock weathering. As for microscopic weathering characteristics, the rock weathering speed measurement method can carry out quantitative measurement on the width of the microcracks (namely, the rock weathering depth) by adopting a microscopic observation technology, a camera shooting technology and an image processing technology, and solves the technological problem that the microscopic weathering characteristics are invisible to the naked eyes. The rock weathering speed measurement method can record the rock cracking time by utilizing human activity events or geological events, determine the starting time of the weathering, and solve the technical problem that the weathering simulation time is hard to prolong to more than ten years. The rock weathering speed measurement method has the advantages of easiness in operation and accuracy in measurement results.

The invention relates to a multi-field coupling based rock cave surrounding rock weathering and wall painting salt damage simulation test apparatus. The apparatus is divided into a summer bin, a wind and rain bin and a winter bin. The above three bins are connected through heat insulation storehouse doors to form one body. Movable sunlight exits in the summer bin, and can be used for stimulating medium-high temperature environment and the sunlight effect at different radiation intensities and angles; the top of the wind and rain bin is provided with a rainfall device in order to stimulate rainfall, and the wind and rain combination erosion effect can be stimulated through a blowing device; low temperature environment, snow fall and sunlight snow melting stimulation can be carried out in the winter bin; and the ground is provided with steel rails in order to provide conveniences for the movement of a test piece among the bins. The apparatus can realize the independent test of different test pieces in the three bins, and can realize the continuous circulation test of a same test piece in the three bins. The apparatus greatly improves the test flexibility, the apparatus use efficiency and the equipment reliability, and provides a test platform for researching the deterioration of multiple factor coupling to earthen sites comprising rock caves, wall paintings and the like.

A quantitative assessment method for stone cultural relic component weathering and security degree includes the following steps: selecting physical properties which can be achieved through lossless or micro-damaged detecting and capable of reflecting features of rock weathering and security as evaluation indexes according to protective principles of cultural relics, distributing corresponding weighted values to all the evaluation indexes through an expert scoring method to reflect degree of impact of different indexes to the component weathering and the security degree, dividing weathering degree into five levels and the security degree into four levels and formulating point values for all levels, preliminarily determining the weathering degree and the security degree according to a single evaluation index, and adopting a point weighting method to calculate final weathering points and security points of all the components to achieve the weathering degree and the security degree of the component visually and accurately.

The invention relates to a method for dividing bed rock weathering zones by using a longitudinal wave-surface wave speed ratio method. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) arranging an earthquake arrangement graph on the ground surface; (2) carrying out refracted wave inversion on the earthquake arrangement to primarily divide stratums and determine the longitudinal wave speed VP of the stratums; (3) carrying out Rayleigh wave inversion on the earthquake arrangement to primarily divide stratums and determine the Rayleigh wave speed of the stratums to be VR; and (4) dividing weathering zones of rocks according to the formula of VP / VR=K. The method has the advantages that excitation is carried out once, longitudinal waves and surface waves are simultaneously received to achieve the purpose of complex geophysical prospecting, and the cost of seismic exploration can be reduced by more than 60 percent; earthquake arrangement can be flexibly arranged in places which are difficult to carry out geotechnical engineering investigation and drilling, which solves the problem of stratigraphic division; and the K value can be accurately determined through counting a large quantity of pore wave speed testing data and is used as a division standard of rock weathering degrees. The method is an area type prospection method, has the advantage of abundant information by viewing in the grander scheme and has more comprehensiveness compared with drilling.

The invention discloses a double-acting double-pipe single-bit coring drilling tool and an application method thereof, and belongs to the field of geological exploration boring machines. The double-acting double-pipe single-bit coring drilling tool comprises an inner-outer core barrel connector, an outer pipe, an inner pipe and a drill bit body arranged at one end of the inner pipe. The outer pipe and the inner pipe are fixed to the inner-outer core barrel connector. An annular gap is reserved between the outer pipe and the inner pipe. A water dividing hole is formed in the inner-outer core barrel connector. Four to eight flange ribs are uniformly distributed on the outer side face of the drill bit body and each provided with a step. The steps of the flange ribs are sleeved with the end of the outer pipe. A row of hard alloy drill bits is embedded in the bottom face of the drill bit body, and a row of hard alloy drill bits are embedded in the bottom faces of the flange ribs. The coaxiality and the integral rigidity of the drilling tool are improved by means of the flange rib type drill bits, and vibration of the drilling tool during drilling is reduced; in addition, the rock core sampling quality and efficiency of quaternary loose strata, bed rock weathering zones and coal seam outcrops are remarkably improved; and meanwhile, the drilling efficiency is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of in-situ test equipment, and relates to a standard penetration test device for partitioning rock weathering degree. A guide rod is embedded into the middle of a piercing hammer; the bottom of the piercing hammer provided with an automatic unhooking device is provided with a hammer cushion; the bottom of the hammer cushion is firmly connected with a penetration sounding rod by adopting a screw thread; the penetration sounding rod is provided with scale lines; a penetrometer which is provided with a cutting edge and has a hollow metal tube structure is firmly connected with the penetration sounding rod through a screw thread; a water outlet hole is formed in the top end of the penetrometer. The standard penetration test device is simple in structure, is convenient to operate, install, test and read, and can be used for directly partitioning the weathering degree of weathered rock, dividing strongly-weathered rock and medium-weathered rock and subdividing strongly-weathered rock into upper, middle and lower subzones.

The invention discloses a simple and convenient method for determining a longitudinal sound wave velocity value of a fresh integral rock block. The method comprises the steps of testing longitudinal sound wave velocity values of rock masses through hole drilling; analyzing changes of the longitudinal sound wave velocity values of the various lithological rock masses along with rock weathering types; performing statistical analysis on a maximum longitudinal sound wave velocity value of the various lithological fresh integral rock masses of each drilled hole, wherein it is required that the thickness of a rock stratum is greater than 1m, the number of actual measurement points of a sound wave is not less than 5, an average relative error of the longitudinal sound wave velocity values is less than 5%, and a range does not exceed 10% of an average longitudinal sound wave velocity value; and comparing the maximum longitudinal sound wave velocity value of the various lithological fresh integral rock masses of each drilled hole, and taking the maximum longitudinal sound wave velocity value of the various lithological fresh integral rock masses as the longitudinal sound wave velocity value of the fresh integral rock block. By accurately obtaining the longitudinal sound wave velocity value of the fresh integral rock block, the calculation precision of a rock mass integrity coefficient and a weathering coefficient is improved.

The invention discloses a setting method of a thick loose water-bearing layer sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar under the water pressure effect. The method comprises the following steps of performing a liquid and plasticity limitation test on a clay layer positioned under a thick loose water-bearing layer covering a coal seam to be explored; performing a dry saturated water absorption rate test and a disintegration test on bed rock weathering zone rock positioned at the side surface of the water-bearing layer; determining whether the loose water-bearing layer is positioned in a sealed water pressure maintaining structure or not according to the liquid and plasticity indexes of the clay layer, the dry saturated water absorption rate of the bed rock weathering zone rock, and the disintegration performance parameter obtained in the tests; and if the loose water-bearing layer is positioned in the sealed water pressure maintaining structure, determining the thickness H<sp> of the sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar under the water pressure effect, and setting the sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar of the coal seam to be explored under the thick loose water-bearing layer under the water pressure effect according to the thickness. When the method provided by the invention is used for exploitation, the occurrence probability of coal mine sand inrush disaster accidents can be reduced. The method supplements and completes the theory of the coal mining sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar setting method under water bodies in China, and has high practical values.

The invention discloses a slope protection device and method. The slope protection device is laid on slopes of a naked mountain, a dike and the like and comprises protection base plates, non-woven fabrics and fastening nails. Each protection base plate is bent, forms an upward arc-shaped protrusion and is provided with a plurality of holes. The non-woven fabrics cover the surfaces of the protection base plates. The protection base plates covered with the non-woven fabrics are fixed to a slope through the fastening nails. A hollow space is formed in the face, making contact with the slope, of each protection base plate and is filled with fillers. The fillers are composed of a mixture of plant seeds, plant growth matrixes and fertilizers. The multiple protection base plates are laid adjacently and are integrally connected to cover the whole slope. According to the slope protection device and method, the protection base plates and grown plants are combined, slope water and soil erosion and rock weathering and corrosion can be prevented; and the slope protection device is simple in structure, low in cost, safe, environmentally friendly and good in protection effect.

The invention relates to a water and soil conservation structure for accelerating rock weathering at a stony desertification area and a building method thereof. The water and soil conservation structure comprises a water and soil loss prevention unit and a rock weathering accelerating unit; the water and soil loss prevention unit comprises a semi-permeation mechanism arranged on the bottom of a concave zone, a water storage and fetching mechanism arranged in the inner periphery of rocks in the concave zone and a bush and grass planting mechanism arranged in the concave zone; and the rock weathering accelerating mechanism comprises a rock weathering flora substrate layer arranged on the rocks, a water absorbing stone net bag layer arranged on the rock weathering flora substrate layer and aturf arranged on the water absorbing stone net bag layer. According to the water and soil conservation structure, the rock weathering accelerating unit is arranged, so that the aim of providing a humid and acidulous environment for carbonate weathering is realized; meanwhile, through the arrangement of the water storage and fetching mechanism and the semi-permeation mechanism, the aim of ecostorage and utilization for rainwater and runoffs is realized; and the problem of water and soil loss caused by scouring of a large number of runoffs is effectively avoided.

The invention discloses a rapid quantitative evaluation method of a rock weathering degree and an application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: testing a fresh rock rebound value anda rock rebound value, calculating an attenuation rebound index, according to the measured different cave depth rock rebound values, the rock attenuation rebound index, and the structural surface attenuation rebound index, making a rebound characteristic change chart along a measuring line, performing a rock rebound value characteristic analysis of different weathering bands, dividing the weathering bands according to the determined rebound characteristic values of the different weathering bands, and performing quantitative determination of the rock weathering degree. The rock weathering degreeis subjected to quantitative determination by the rock rebound value and the change rate measured by a resiliometer, the quantification dividing of the rock weathering band is carried out, the measured index pertinency is strong, the measurement method is simple, the data processing is easy, cost is low, the speed is fast, normal construction is not interfered, and the evaluation method has wideapplication prospect in the fields of rock weathering degree quantitative evaluation of slope, dam foundation, and cave surrounding rocks in mountain area large-scale water power engineering and traffic engineering.

The invention discloses a coal seam roof water and sand inrush risk evaluation method based on multi-source information fusion. The method comprises the following steps: comprehensively considering hydrogeological conditions, geological conditions, mining activity influence and other factors; taking the sand bed thickness, the base mining ratio, the sand burst fracture zone development height, thebed rock weathering index, the unit water inflow, the water saturation sand bed thickness, the permeability coefficient and the mining influence index as water and sand burst risk evaluation indexes,and on the basis, through a series of specific implementation steps of establishing a mathematical analysis model, establishing a decision-making level main control factor thematic map, constructinga judgment matrix to determine index weights, superposing the decision-making level main control factor thematic map and the like, finally, displaying the quantified result in the form of a graph by utilizing data storage, spatial data processing and analysis functions and the like of a geographic information system, and outputting a result graph through a graph output system, and achieving waterand sand bursting risk multi-source information partitioning according with the actual situation of a mine.

The invention provides a rapid greening construction method for steel wire mesh hanging and spray seeding for a slope. The method comprises the steps of: trimming a soft rock slope to a certain sloperate; driving multiple ribbed bars along the top of the slope, and hanging a steel wire mesh on the slope surface through the ribbed bars; horizontally binding multiple layers of bamboo poles and multiple bales of rice straw or wheat straw on the steel wire mesh; and uniformly spraying mud containing grass seeds on the slope surface through spraying equipment. According to the rapid greening construction method, active protection is carried out on the rock slope, so that greening of the slope is achieved and rock weathering of the slope is prevented.

The invention belongs to the technical field of remote sensing geology and in particular relates to a rock weathering degree extracting method based on the satellite remote sensing technology. The method comprises the steps of determining the indexes of correlation of the rock weathering degree; analyzing the coupling relationship between the rock weathering degree and the formation lithology and slope grade; establishing a rock weathering degree characteristic curve; building a rock weathering degree characteristic model. The method solves the technical problems that conventional methods cannot extract the rock weathering degree accurately and rapidly, exploits the advantages of rapid and large-area information acquisition of remote sensing, can extract the rock weathering degree accurately and rapidly and can be applied to rock weathering degree division of mass data.

The invention provides a simple rock weathering and creep deformation integrated test device and test method. The device can be used for developing the creep deformation test of the rock under the stable dead load effect, the weathering test and the creep deformation test of the rock are simultaneously performed in the process, and the long-term creep deformation test of the rock is realized underthe stable dead load-dry-wet cycle or cold-heat cycle coupling effect. The device includes a sample container system, a lever loading mechanism, a water cycle system and an air blast system. The sample container system has a cylindrical barrel with holes which forms a lateral constraint on the rock sample and a heating device which performs heating on the rock sample, the water cycle system performs humidifying on the rock sample, the air blast system performs drying and cooling on the air blast system, and the dry-wet cycle and cold-heat cycle are realized by the rock sample. The lever loading mechanism vertically effects on the rock sample, and the constant weight loading and unloading are performed.

The invention discloses a surrounding rock weathering simulation device and a surrounding rock weathering simulation method for underground roadways, and is applicable to weathering simulation of easily-weathered roadway surrounding rock in mine shafts. The surrounding rock weathering simulation device comprises a constant temperature system, a constant temperature and humidity system, a weathering system, a ventilation system and a data acquisition system. The surrounding rock weathering simulation method includes putting a test piece simulating the surrounding rock of the roadways into a sealing box and fastened, sequentially turning on the constant temperature system and the constant temperature and humidity system, setting the temperature and the humidity as standard values specified by an experiment, and turning on the data acquisition system; turning on a negative-pressure fan to start the weathering simulation experiment, wherein the data acquisition system monitors temperature,humidity and wind speed of gases flowing into the test piece in real time, and observes and records surface weathering changes at different time through a camera in real time. The surrounding rock weathering simulation device and the surrounding rock weathering simulation method have the advantages of visually-observed detection result, high precision, modularized design, easiness in operation and low cost.

The invention relates to a method and a device for determining a weathering potential energy index of rock while drilling in geological logging, belonging to the technical field of rock weathering discrimination. At first, that invention measures the chemical element contents in core and cuttings at different drilling depths in the petroleum drill site of the research area to obtain the chemical element contents at different depths; Then the chemical element contents at different depths are brought into the element weathering potential energy index calculation model to determine the element weathering potential energy index at different depths, where the element weathering potential energy index includes Parker weathering potential energy index FWIP and / or granite weathering potential energy index FWIG. The element weathering potential energy index obtained by the invention has high timeliness, and the element weathering potential energy index obtained by the invention can continuouslychange with the well depth, and is more widely applied, and the problems of low timeliness and discontinuity of the weathering potential energy index obtained by the laboratory are overcome.

The invention provides a method for calculating the rock weathering soil-forming rate in a karst area. The method comprises the steps that 1 data collecting and data preprocessing are carried out; 2 soil erosion modulus calculating is carried out, and specifically based on a modified general soil loss equation (RUSLE model) each factor is calculated to acquire the theoretical erosion modulus of the karst area; 3 the maximum dissolution rate of carbonate rock is calculated, and specifically based on a meteorological hydrology and geochemical spatiotemporal data set, a carbonate rock thermal dynamic dissolution model is used to calculate the maximum dissolution rate of carbonate rock; and 4 the rock weathering soil-forming rate in the karst area is calculated. The problems of large errors, low precision and the like of soil and water loss prediction and soil and water conservation planning design and the like through a RUSLE soil erosion model in the karst area in the prior art are solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of power transmission line anchoring foundations and particularly relates to a multi-section foundation, which is applied to wind driven generator foundations in rock and weathered rock areas. A fan flange is arranged at the bottom of a fan drum; a foundation flange on the upper part of a bearing platform is connected with the fan flange; and a plurality of anchoring rods are connected through the bearing platform. Because the anchoring rods are arranged on the bearing platform and can be vertically arranged as well as obliquely arranged outwards, the anchoring effect of the foundation can be greatly improved and the bearing capacity is obviously improved; because a flange plate is arranged on the bearing platform, the multi-section foundation has the characteristic of simple and feasible operation, and because the bearing platform occupies a relatively small space, the damage degree to rocks can be greatly reduced, the design requirement on the bearing capacity can be met only by casting concrete of a small bearing platform, and wastes of fund and raw materials are also greatly reduced. Therefore, the multi-section foundation can be applied to various wind driven generator foundations in the rock and weathered rock areas and has higher practicability.

The invention discloses a side slope protection system for a renovation and extension expressway, and belongs to the technical field of side slope protection. A side slope of the system is sequentially provided with geotechnical grid cloth, filling bags, a honeycomb frame, a rubble layer, a coconut net layer and a filler layer from the bottom layer to the top layer. The filling bags are stacked layer by layer along the gradient of the side slope and arranged on the geotechnical grid cloth, fixing rods are arranged between the filling bags and the side slope, anchor rods are arranged between the honeycomb frame and the filling bags, downward water leakage holes are formed in each honeycomb hole of the honeycomb frame, the honeycomb frame is filled with rubbles on the rubble layer, the filler layer comprises modified soil and plant seeds, and a drainage ditch is formed in the slope bottom of the side slope. The side slope protection system for the renovation and extension expressway is simple in structure and easy to construct, the construction cost can be reduced, the construction progress is quickened, rock weathering and water and soil loss of the side slope are effectively prevented, and the protection time is long.

The invention discloses a rock weathering comprehensive experiment platform. The rock weathering comprehensive experiment platform comprises a steel rack (100) and is characterized in that a sample box weight measuring instrument (110) is fixed to the lower bottom surface of the steel rack (100), a sample box (103) is fixedly connected to the weighing hook of the sample box weight measuring instrument (110), and a seeped-water receiving device (108) is arranged at the bottom of the sample box (103); the seeped-water receiving device (108) is placed on the weighing platform of a seeped-water receiving device weight monitoring instrument (109); the water outlet pipe of a model rainfall system extends into the top of the sample box (103); a soil water draining pipe (104) and a temperature monitor probe interface (105) are arranged on the left side and the right side of the sample box (103). By the rock weathering comprehensive experiment platform, the technical problems that weathering monitoring in the prior art is performed by burying rock pieces in the open field and measuring the weight change of the test pieces, a large amount related sampling work needs to be performed in the open field, the rock weathering monitoring is high in labor intensity, time-consuming and labor-consuming, and samples may deteriorate during long-distance transportation; the weathering monitoring in the prior art cannot perform long-term real-time monitoring on different-depth rock weathering and related drive factors, and the like are solved.

The invention discloses an easily weathered rock slope crack water burst disaster treatment method. Left and right water guide walls (3) and a water retaining wall (11) form an opening trapezoid; a water collecting pit (6) is excavated near the inner side of the water retaining wall (11); a section of drainage pipe (7) is embedded in the water collecting pit (6); the upper part of a fixed anchor rod (4) is vertical ribs of reinforced concrete of a water guide wall (3), the water retaining wall (11) and the water collecting pit (6); a pit internal protective net (5) is arranged at the top of the water collecting pit (6); a wall top protective net (2) is arranged at the tops of the left and right water guide walls (3) and the water retaining wall (11); and the pit internal protective net (5)is arranged at the top of the water collecting pit (6). Water bursting from slope rock cracks can be effectively collected to solve the problem of failure caused by small change of water burst outletpositions of the rock cracks; through triple protective nets, the problem of blocking the water collecting pit due to rock weathering can be prevented; and the drainage pipe can effectively drain thewater bursting from slopes to solve the problem of reduced strength due to infiltration of upper rock crack water into lower rocks of the slopes.

The invention discloses a double-acting double-pipe single-bit coring drilling tool and an application method thereof, and belongs to the field of geological exploration boring machines. The double-acting double-pipe single-bit coring drilling tool comprises an inner-outer core barrel connector, an outer pipe, an inner pipe and a drill bit body arranged at one end of the inner pipe. The outer pipe and the inner pipe are fixed to the inner-outer core barrel connector. An annular gap is reserved between the outer pipe and the inner pipe. A water dividing hole is formed in the inner-outer core barrel connector. Four to eight flange ribs are uniformly distributed on the outer side face of the drill bit body and each provided with a step. The steps of the flange ribs are sleeved with the end of the outer pipe. A row of hard alloy drill bits is embedded in the bottom face of the drill bit body, and a row of hard alloy drill bits are embedded in the bottom faces of the flange ribs. The coaxiality and the integral rigidity of the drilling tool are improved by means of the flange rib type drill bits, and vibration of the drilling tool during drilling is reduced; in addition, the rock core sampling quality and efficiency of quaternary loose strata, bed rock weathering zones and coal seam outcrops are remarkably improved; and meanwhile, the drilling efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a soft rock weathering and breaking experimental apparatus and an experimental method thereof. The soft rock weathering and breaking experimental apparatus is placed on a frequency modulatable vibrating table and is provided with a transparent inner barrel and an outer barrel. A required volume of water can be added by a water inlet on a barrel upper cover; a water outlet and a gas delivery opening are formed at the bottom of the experimental apparatus; a plurality of layers of round hole sieve plates are arranged in the inner barrel; hole diameters of the round hole sieve plates are sequentially decreased from top to bottom according to a standard sieve hole size of a laboratory; micro high-strength frequency modulatable fluorescent lamps and monitoring probes are placed in the interval between the inner barrel and the outer barrel above each sieve; geotechnical cloth is arranged for isolating soil and filtering water. According to the soft rock weathering and breaking experimental apparatus and experimental method which are disclosed by the invention, effects of variable natural factors on soft rocks are controlled in a room by simulation so as to research influence of each factor on soft rock weathering; by the monitoring probes, the weathering and breaking process of each layer of soft rock particles can be observed and recorded, and the weathered broken rock particles can be automatically sieved and are continuously weathered and broken; the soft rock weathering and breaking experimental apparatus and experimental method have the advantages of being visual, convenient, rapid, accurate and the like.

The invention relates to the field of tunnel construction, in particular to a safe and fast short step construction method for a weak surrounding rock tunnel in Yunnan. The rapid construction processfor short step excavation changes the sequential construction organization mode in the traditional construction process to a parallel construction organization mode, that is, several construction procedures are constructed at the same time in different space, and thus, the procedure cycle operation time is shortened. The method can improve the stability of a tunnel face, the procedure cycle operation time is shortened at the same time, surrounding rock weathering and disintegration caused by exposure of the surrounding rock and disturbance to surrounding rock in the construction process are weakened, the construction safety risks are reduced, and the cost of the construction period is saved.

The invention discloses a setting method of a thick loose water-bearing layer sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar under the water pressure effect. The method comprises the following steps of performing a liquid and plasticity limitation test on a clay layer positioned under a thick loose water-bearing layer covering a coal seam to be explored; performing a dry saturated water absorption rate test and a disintegration test on bed rock weathering zone rock positioned at the side surface of the water-bearing layer; determining whether the loose water-bearing layer is positioned in a sealed water pressure maintaining structure or not according to the liquid and plasticity indexes of the clay layer, the dry saturated water absorption rate of the bed rock weathering zone rock, and the disintegration performance parameter obtained in the tests; and if the loose water-bearing layer is positioned in the sealed water pressure maintaining structure, determining the thickness H<sp> of the sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar under the water pressure effect, and setting the sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar of the coal seam to be explored under the thick loose water-bearing layer under the water pressure effect according to the thickness. When the method provided by the invention is used for exploitation, the occurrence probability of coal mine sand inrush disaster accidents can be reduced. The method supplements and completes the theory of the coal mining sand prevention safe coal and rock pillar setting method under water bodies in China, and has high practical values.

The embodiment of the invention provides a method for determining the grade of surrounding rock, and belongs to the field of comprehensive pipe gallery engineering. The method comprises the following steps: determining rock mass characteristics in a reconnaissance period, and grading surrounding rocks; and determining rock mass characteristics in a construction period, and rechecking and verifying the surrounding rock grading, wherein the rock mass characteristics comprise rock strength, rock mass integrity and rock weathering degree. By means of the technical scheme, the rock strength, the rock mass integrity and the like can be accurately divided, the requirement for field conditions is not high, rock mass data can be rapidly obtained, and a quantitative evaluation basis is provided for classification of the surrounding rock types of the comprehensive pipe gallery in the mountainous area in the exploration period and the construction period.