The invention discloses an oil-gas well cement sheath seal characteristic simulation test device and a test method. The device comprises a kettle, an upper kettle cover, a lower kettle cover, a heating jacket, a booster pump, a pressure relief pump and a liquid level and air flow recorder. A simulated stratum core can be placed in the kettle, a mud cake is formed on the inner wall of the core, and insertion of a casing pipe and grouting of cement paste can be realized. A solidification process of the cement paste under underground operating conditions is simulated, clean water, oil or a gaseous medium can be applied to two ends of an annular cylindrical cement sheath to form differential pressure, seal characteristics of the cement sheath in corresponding size can be evaluated by measuring leakage or variation of the differential pressure at two ends, and factors such as the casing pipe size, cement paste performance, mud cake thickness, curing pressure, temperature and the like can be changed to evaluate influences of the factors on the seal characteristic of the cement sheath.