The invention belongs to the technical field of radioactive waste treatment and relates to an in-barrel vacuum microwave drying system and method for radioactive wet wastes. The drying system comprises a drying barrel, a demister, a filter, a condenser, a steam-water separator, a vacuum pump, a tail gas continuous monitoring device and connecting pipelines; the drying barrel is used for drying thewastes by microwave heating; the demister, the filter, the condenser, the steam-water separator and the vacuum pump which are connected in sequence are respectively used for realizing demisting, filtration, condensation, steam-water separation and vacuumizing treatment of evaporated tail gases generated by drying; and the tail gas continuous monitoring device is connected with the condenser and is used for monitoring noncondensable gases in the evaporated tail gases and discharging qualified noncondensable gases into the air by the connecting pipeline connected with an outlet of the tail gascontinuous monitoring device. By using the drying system and method disclosed by the invention, the rapid drying of various radioactive wastes can be realized, new substances are not introduced in a drying process, and the tail gases discharged after being dried almost have no any harmful effects on the environment.