The invention discloses a remote laser light path calibration system and method based on machine vision, and the system comprises a laser, a target surface, a camera, a steering engine, and a first adjustment control module which is used for obtaining the position of a light spot and the error between the light spot and the center of the target surface; the second adjusting control module is used for adjusting the position of the laser through an error control steering engine; a laser spot is generated through a laser and is presented on a target surface, a camera is arranged on the side, away from the laser, of the target surface, the camera collects a spot image on the target surface, and the laser is fixed to a steering engine. Thus, the machine vision technology is adopted, error data are calculated through an algorithm, then the steering engine is controlled through the single chip microcomputer, the position of the laser device can be automatically adjusted, the laser device irradiates the target position, and the laser device has the advantages of being wider in application range, lower in cost, higher in automation degree and higher in precision.