The invention relates to a calibration system and method of an industrial robot workpiece coordinate system. The calibration system comprises an industrial robot, a robot controller, a robot ending tool, a sensor installation intermediate structural member, a calibration sensor assembly, a workpiece mounting table and a workpiece arranged on the workpiece mounting table. The calibration sensor assembly measures points on the workpiece, points on the characteristic curved boundary are detected, and a signal is output and then input into the robot controller; a trigger path is interrupted when the robot controller receives the signal, middle position data Fflange and displacement data Msensor in the height direction of a calibration sensor are recorded, and 6D data of the workpiece coordinate system is worked out by combining sensor mounting position data Fsensor. According to the calibration system and method of the industrial robot workpiece coordinate system, the calibration process is simple, the situation that measurement is not accurate due to the fact that a calibration plane is oblique can be avoided, the calibration precision is high, the calibration system can be applied tovarious workpiece occasions, the application cost of the calibration system is low, and achieving of large-range application and promotion is facilitated.