The invention discloses a device for detecting various food states in a refrigerating chamber based on a single multispectral imaging unit. A system comprises the refrigerating chamber, a multispectral imaging system, an electric-control sliding rail, a plurality of food storage boxes, a humidity control module, a central control module, a communication module, a touch screen displayer and a main control computer. The refrigerating chamber comprises a box body and a box door. The multispectral imaging system comprises a light source, a lens, an optical filter wheel and the multispectral imaging unit. According to the device for detecting various food states in the refrigerating chamber based on the single multispectral imaging unit, detection of the states of various types of food in the layered refrigerating chamber in a refrigerator is achieved through the single multispectral imaging unit, the limitation that imaging detection of food in the refrigerator can only be suitable for imaging of a single layer is overcome creatively, high cost and space waste caused by adopting a plurality of spectral imaging units for detection are avoided, and a feasible approach is provided for applying the technique of detecting the states, such as the freshness, of the food through spectral imaging to the refrigerator.