The invention relates to a high-energy consumption self-decoupling magnetorheological damper with damping force decoupling property and failure self-protection function. The damper not only has high energy consumption and output, but also can effectively prevent subsidence of magnetorheological fluid, therefore, the invention is suitable for civil engineering structures. The damper mainly comprises a master cylinder body (6), an auxiliary cylinder body (13), a main piston (8), two auxiliary pistons (23), a piston rod (25), and novel composite-structure energy accumulators (14 and 15). Permanent magnets (9) arranged in the main piston (8) and the two auxiliary pistons (23) can effectively prevent subsidence of magnetorheological fluid, and can still provide corresponding damping force under the condition of power supply failure to enhance the safety of the structure. Magnetic circuit guiding components improve the utilization factor of the magnetic field. A mechanical spring self-decoupling device is mainly operated on the condition that the damper is under low-frequency driving, thereby overcoming the disadvantage of low output of the damper under low-frequency driving.