The invention discloses a compact single-chamber proton therapy system which comprises a superconducting cyclotron system, an energy-reducing device system, a beam-flow conveying system, a scanning treating head system, a patient support system and a treatment plant; the superconducting cyclotron system generates fixed energy and proton beam flows in a certain flow intensity range, the proton energy is continuously adjustable in the range of 70-200MeV via the energy-reducing device system, the beam-flow conveying system guides the proton beam flows from the energy-reducing device system to thescanning treating head system; the scanning treatment head system is used for implementing a scanning scheme according to the treatment plan, adjusts the transverse position of the proton beam flows,and realizes the two-dimensional scanning of the beam flows. The patient support system supports, fixes and positions the patient, and cooperates with the superconducting cyclotron system, the energy-reducing device system, the beam-flow conveying system and a scanning treatment head system for realizing three-dimensional conformal and dose-modulated proton therapy. The device is good in innovation, high in practicability and compact in structure, and the construction site and cost of the proton therapy system can be reduced while the treatment effect is guaranteed.