The invention belongs to the technical field of tumor diagnosis, and particularly relates to identification of esophageal cancer related characteristic pathways of and a construction method of an early diagnosis model. The identification and constructing method includes the steps: expression spectrum preprocessing, differential expression gene extraction, sample cluster analysis, gene cluster analysis, specific gene set functional pathway analysis, comparison of pathway aberration scores, comparative analysis of functional differences, construction of esophageal cancer specific co-expression networks, characteristic selection of genes, prediction of deep learning models, and the like. The method of the invention divides genes into different groups according to expression similarity and functional consistency of the genes, and analyzes the genes in the form of gene collection, thus being able to avoid the disadvantages of high false positive rate, big random error and unstable result inthe traditional method, and also being able to more specifically identify the function significantly associated with esophageal cancer.