The invention discloses an aptamer for detecting human renal clear cell carcinoma cells (786-O) and application of the aptamer in a preparing detection preparation. Compared with the prior art, the aptamer has affinity and specificity higher than those of an associated protein antibody, is free of immunogenicity, can be chemically synthesized in vitro and is small in molecular weight. Furthermore, different parts of the aptamer can be modified and replaced, so that sequences are stable, storage is convenient, and labeling is convenient. When the aptamer disclosed by the invention is adopted to detect the human renal clear cell carcinoma cells, operations are simpler and quicker; and moreover, synthesis cost of the aptamer is lower than preparation cost of the antibody, the period is short and repeatability is good.