The invention discloses a method for rapid detection and authenticity identification of fatty acid of racy camellia oil by near infrared transmission spectroscopy (NITS). The method comprises the steps of: screening high quality varieties with oil content of 30%-60% from more than 130 camellia seed varieties, wherein in the camellia oil, the content of oleinic acid is 65%-85%, the content of linoleic acid is 5%-20%, the content of palmitic acid is 3%-15%, and the content of stearic acid is 1%-5%; establishing a near infrared transmission spectroscopy (NITS) model of the main fatty acids (oleinic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and total unsaturated fatty acid) with a partial least squares (PLS) method by adopting the Fourier near infrared transmission spectroscopy (NITS), wherein the determination coefficients of the correction models of the oleinic acid, the linoleic acid and the palmitic acid respectively are 0.93446, 0.96538 and 0.88789, and the determination coefficients of cross validation respectively are 0.91987, 0.95755 and 0.84447; further verifying accuracy and reliability of five NIRS (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) models by external verification so as to obtain related coefficients of the external verification, which respectively are 0.9424, 0.9682, 0.8862, 0.6834 and 0.7587; and evaluating doped camellia oil by establishing the NIRS model of binary system miscella of the camellia oil. The method is applicable to rapid measurement of the content of main fatty acids of the camellia oil and the doped camellia oil, has the characteristics of simplicity, convenience, rapidness and economy, and is suitable for industrial application.