The invention relates to an identification method for faults in and out of an area of a high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line based on a multi-fractal spectrum, which belongs to the technical field of relay protection of a power system. When a fault occurs in a direct current circuit, after a protective element is started, according to two-electrode direct voltage detected at a protective installation position, aerial mode voltage is obtained by utilizing the phase mode conversion theory. Fault component of the aerial mode voltage is obtained according to the superposition principle, probability density at different levels is obtained through the side length of a transform box, then partition function and quality factor are obtained, finally singularity exponent and growth rate k of the singularity exponent are obtained, and then faults in and out of the area are judged according to the k value. Sampling frequency is 20 kHz, time window is 1ms, the required data length is short, and effect of a control system is avoided. The identification method is capable of correctly identifying various types of faults within the range of the whole line and high in tolerance property for transition resistance, is not affected by interference and has high practical applicability.