28 results about "Lateral positioning" patented technology

The invention discloses a riveting press for iron core forming, which comprises an equipment main body, a material placing table and an operation table, and the operation table is provided with a lower riveting seat, a riveting station, a positioning carrier, an upper riveting seat, a riveting convex die, a side clamping block and a pushing block. Compared with the prior art, the iron core lateral positioning and clamping device has the following advantages and effects that the clamping pieces on the two sides are automatically driven to synchronously move inwards through downward pressing movement of the riveting seat on the upper portion, timely and stable lateral positioning and clamping of an iron core to be machined are achieved in the riveting process, lateral displacement or deformation of the iron core to be machined is effectively prevented, and the machining efficiency is improved. Therefore, the riveting forming quality and consistency are remarkably improved, an additional independent driving device is not needed, the equipment structure is simplified, and the cost is reduced.

This invention relates to a pneumatic housing clamp and its clamping control method, comprising a base with a placement center point marked at the center; a corner drive mechanism disposed on both sides of the base; an adaptive mechanism disposed at the bottom of the corner drive mechanism, capable of adapting to different housing shapes for downward clamping; and a lateral positioning mechanism disposed at the bottom of the adaptive mechanism, which rotates with the corner drive mechanism to clamp the housing. The two corner drive mechanisms rotate in opposite directions. This invention has the effect of being able to adapt to clamp housings of different shapes, thus improving the applicability of the aforementioned pneumatic housing clamp.

The application relates to the technical field of positioning and clamping, in particular to a lateral positioning device, which comprises a lateral positioning frame, two positioners arranged on the lateral positioning frame in an up-down mode and used for lateral positioning of a workpiece, and a lifting machine used for adjusting the spacing between the two positioners and slidingly arranged on the lateral positioning frame and located at the upper end of the lateral positioning frame. The lateral edges of the workpiece can be positioned by the two positioners, the spacing between the two positioners can be adjusted by the lifting machine, the positioner located at the upper end of the lateral positioning frame can be pressed downward on the upper surface of the workpiece, and thus the workpiece can be positioned in the horizontal direction and pressed downward in the vertical direction.

Provided is a lateral locating assembly, a well system, and a method. The lateral locating assembly, in at least one aspect, includes a tubular, as well as a bendable deflection tip coupled to the tubular, the bendable deflection tip configured to move between a straight position and a bent position upon the application of fluid pressure thereto. The lateral locating assembly, according to one or more aspects, further includes one or more production ports coupling an interior of the tubular and an exterior of the tubular, as well as a sliding sleeve positioned about the one or more production ports, the sliding sleeve configured to seal the one or more production ports when in a first position and expose the one or more production ports when in a second position.

The utility model discloses a bending device for metal support production, and belongs to the technical field of bending devices, the bending device for metal support production is characterized by comprising a frame, a lower die is arranged in the frame, a positioning mechanism is arranged, a motor drives a bidirectional lead screw to rotate, a movable support drives a supporting seat to slide along a bearing plate, and the lower die is arranged in the frame. The distance between the supporting seats can be flexibly adjusted so as to be suitable for transverse limiting of plates of different sizes, meanwhile, the electric push rod on the vertical frame pushes the pressing plate downwards, the plates are effectively limited in the vertical direction, and the situation that the front sides or the rear sides of the plates are upwards separated from the supporting seats due to too large impact force during stamping is avoided; the potential safety hazard that workers are accidentally injured is eliminated, the plate bending quality is guaranteed, meanwhile, the distance fixing structure on the rear side of the frame can conduct distance fixing and limiting treatment on the tail end of the plate, the plate bending distance is effectively positioned, the plate bending quality is remarkably improved, and practical application is greatly facilitated.

The utility model provides a positioning and clamping device for a rotor supporting seat, which is characterized by comprising a bottom plate, and a lower side positioning unit, an upper side positioning unit, a pressing plate unit and a rotor hole positioning unit which are fixed on the bottom plate, wherein the lower lateral positioning unit comprises two groups of first lateral positioning seats and a group of third lateral positioning seats which are used for positioning an outer circle of a flange edge of a workpiece, and two groups of second lateral positioning seats which are used for positioning bottom feet of the workpiece; the upper lateral positioning unit comprises a positioning support, and a lateral positioning block used for positioning the outer circle of a boss of a workpiece and an upper lateral positioning bolt are installed on the positioning support. The pressing plate unit comprises two groups of first pressing plate assemblies and two groups of second pressing plate assemblies which are used for pressing flange edges of workpieces; the rotor hole positioning unit comprises a first positioning shaft core used for positioning a large rotor hole of the workpiece and a second positioning shaft core used for positioning a small rotor hole of the workpiece.

The utility model relates to a paper tube clamp which comprises a base and a hook claw installed on the base. The base is used for connecting a mechanical arm. And the plurality of hook claws are arranged around the center of the base. Each hook claw comprises a sliding base connected to the base in a sliding mode, a first driver connected with the sliding base, a lateral pressing rod installed on the sliding base, a supporting plate hinged to the lateral pressing rod and a second driver connected with the supporting plate. The lateral pressing rod is arranged in the vertical direction, and one end of the lateral pressing rod is connected to the sliding base. The supporting plate is located at the other end of the lateral pressing rod. The first driver is used for driving the sliding seat to slide so as to force the lateral pressing rod to translate. The second driver is used for driving the supporting plate to turn over. The lateral pressing rod is used for clamping the peripheral side of the paper tube, lateral positioning is achieved, friction force needed for lifting the paper tube is generated, then the bottom end of the paper tube is supported through the supporting plate, and therefore the purpose of stably grabbing the paper tube is achieved.

A housing structure including first housing member, a second housing member, and an auxiliary housing member is provided. The first housing member has a first lateral positioning portion and a positioning hole penetrating the first lateral positioning portion. The second housing member has a second lateral positioning portion disposed as corresponding to the first lateral positioning portion and a positioning post protruding from the second lateral positioning portion. The second housing member is mounted to the first housing member, and the positioning post passes through the positioning hole. The auxiliary housing member is sleeved on the first lateral positioning portion and the second lateral positioning portion and is engaged with the positioning post.

This utility model discloses a positioning device for controller production, including a base, a frame on one side of the top surface of the base, and a drilling mechanism on the frame; a first support and a second support on the top surface of the base, a positioning platform between the first and second supports, and a horizontal positioning mechanism and a vertical positioning mechanism respectively on the first and second supports; and a cylinder assembly at the center of the top surface of the base. In this device, the return spring of the horizontal positioning mechanism provides horizontal clamping force to ensure the horizontal position stability of the controller; the vertical positioning is achieved by the cylinder assembly driving the connecting arm through a horizontal plate, which in turn moves the arc-shaped plate, cooperating with the pressure plate to achieve stable clamping. This dual positioning effectively prevents displacement or shaking of the controller during processing, ensuring positioning stability.

The application discloses a swing-rod type pretreatment lifting appliance and a use method thereof. The lifting appliance frame is provided with two groups of electric hoists at the upper end, and two groups of lifting appliance supporting feet are hinged at the lower end of the lifting appliance frame. The swing direction of the lifting appliance supporting feet is consistent with the direction of the walking movement of the lifting appliance frame. Each group of the lifting appliance supporting feet is provided with a positioning and locking mechanism. The positioning and locking mechanism comprises a bottom plate, a supporting column connected to the outer side of the bottom plate, a transverse positioning support connected to the middle part of the bottom plate, and a longitudinal positioning support connected to the inner side of the bottom plate. The transverse positioning support is provided with a self-locking protrusion on one side of the supporting column. The hinged lifting appliance supporting feet always keep a vertical stress state, the strength requirement of the lifting appliance is reduced, and the vehicle body or the sliding bar does not need to be locked by another power execution mechanism, so that the manufacturing cost and the equipment failure rate are reduced.

The present invention relates to a mat for use in lateral positioning. The invention provides an inflatable mat for use in lateral positioning in angled lateral decubitus, the mat comprising: a mat foil with a longitudinal direction, the mat foil having an upper side and a first side extending in the longitudinal direction, and a second side extending in the longitudinal direction, a first longitudinal section, comprising one or more inflatable air chambers, being arranged on the upper side of the mat foil along the first side of the mat foil, and a second longitudinal section, comprising one or more inflatable air chambers, being arranged on the upper side of the mat foil along the second side of the mat foil, the mat foil having a centre in the longitudinal direction, one or more first transverse sections, each comprising one or more inflatable air chambers, being arranged successively in a row in the longitudinal direction, the first transverse sections extending from the centre out towards the first side, so that the one or more transverse sections are arranged lying above the first longitudinal section away from the mat foil, one or more second transverse sections, each comprising one or more inflatable air chambers, being arranged successively in a row in the longitudinal direction, the transverse sections extending from the middle out towards the second side, the transverse sections being arranged lying above the second longitudinal section away from the mat foil, wherein the first longitudinal section, the second longitudinal section and the one or more first transverse sections and the one or more second transverse sections are connected to one or more air ducts arranged in each of the inflatable air chambers of said longitudinal and transverse sections, wherein the longitudinal and transverse sections can be individually inflated, the first side of the mat having a total first lateral height, which is the sum of a height of the first longitudinal section in the inflated state and a height of the first transverse section in the inflated state, the second side of the mat having a total second lateral height, the second lateral height being the height of the second longitudinal section in the inflated state, or the second side of the mat having a total second lateral height, which is the sum of a height of the second longitudinal section in the inflated state and a height of the second transverse section in the inflated state, and the first side of the mat having a total first lateral height, the first lateral height being the height of the first longitudinal section in the inflated state.

The utility model is specifically related to a kind of multi-diameter fastener raw material rod poking device, including pedestal, the upper side of pedestal is provided with bar positioning assembly, the bar positioning assembly includes two parallelly arranged lateral adjusting seat, longitudinal positioning plate is set up on each lateral adjusting seat, lateral positioning plate is set up on the pedestal and located longitudinal positioning plate side, lateral adjusting groove and longitudinal adjusting groove are equipped on the lateral adjusting seat, poking mechanism is set up on the lower side of pedestal, and the poking mechanism includes hinged seat, cylinder, pivot, swing arm, poking claw is slidably connected on the pivot, and the poking claw includes sleeve, poking disc, baffle, third screw and fourth screw.The utility model has the beneficial effects as follows:the automatic feeding and poking of different diameter size and different length raw material rod can be adapted, not only larger application range, and feeding efficiency is higher.

The invention discloses a mounting and positioning jig frame for a pipe gallery steel reinforcement framework. The mounting and positioning jig frame comprises a base, a positioning frame and a lateral limiting part. The base comprises a transverse comb plate and a first longitudinal comb plate which are orthogonally arranged and are respectively used for placing the distribution ribs and the annular ribs at the bottom; the positioning frame comprises a lateral positioning frame and a top positioning frame which are oppositely arranged on the two sides of the base, and the positioning frame is arranged in the length direction of the steel reinforcement framework at intervals to define a mounting cavity with the base. The positioning frame comprises a main rod, an auxiliary rod, a plurality of hooking parts and a first locking part. One end of the hooking part extends into the mounting cavity to form a bending part for hooking the distribution rib, and the other end of the hooking part is hinged with the auxiliary rod. Hinge points of any adjacent hooking parts form vertexes of a parallelogram, so that the auxiliary rod can drive all the hooking parts to swing synchronously. The first locking part is used for locking the auxiliary rod. The lateral limiting part comprises a second longitudinal comb plate which is movably connected to the lateral positioning frame and used for clamping and limiting the ring rib, and the lateral limiting part is locked at the working position through a second locking part.

The application relates to the technical field of composite material forming processes, and particularly discloses a device and a method for co-curing forming of a work-shaped stiffened wall plate, wherein the device for co-curing forming of the work-shaped stiffened wall plate forms a combination of a positioning core mold, a pressurizing core mold and a work-shaped stiffened wall plate preform, and further introduces a positioning mold, realizes axial fixation on one side through an axial positioning claw and an axial positioning block, realizes lateral positioning through a lateral positioning claw and a lateral positioning block, realizes press bonding positioning on the other side through a press assembly, and then realizes integrated grabbing and transfer operation of a forming mold and the work-shaped stiffened wall plate preform, so as to finally form an integral structure of a plurality of forming assemblies and a skin preform, thereby realizing forming manufacturing of the integral work-shaped stiffened wall plate, which maximally reduces interference of external operation on the preform structure, effectively avoids shape distortion caused by external force, guarantees the stability and precision of subsequent curing forming, and improves forming quality and efficiency.

The present application provides a shell structure, which comprises a first shell, a second shell and an auxiliary shell. The first shell has a first lateral positioning part and a positioning hole penetrating the first lateral positioning part. The second shell has a second lateral positioning part corresponding to the first lateral positioning part and a positioning column protruding from the second lateral positioning part. The second shell is installed on the first shell, and the positioning column penetrates the positioning hole. The auxiliary shell is sleeved on the first lateral positioning part and the second lateral positioning part, and is clamped with the positioning column.

The utility model discloses a fixed frock and use its radiator processing platform for radiator processing, include: the pair of vertical support plate of opposite arrangement, the support bottom plate that is linked with the bottom of a pair of vertical support plate simultaneously to the multiple connecting beams of interval distribution for connecting a pair of vertical support plate, wherein every vertical support plate back to the side end surface of another vertical support plate is equipped with multiple positioning screw rod, and the pair of support pad of opposite distribution is suitable for limiting the top end and bottom end of radiator respectively, in multiple positioning screw rod, at least including the multiple lateral positioning screw rod of being suitable for limiting the pair of side edge of radiator and the multiple insertion gap positioning screw rod of being suitable for inserting to the gap formed by the adjacent radiating fin of radiator part.

The present application relates to a kind of flexible riveting device assembly, including riveting equipment, riveting equipment includes workbench, riveting component and positioning component, riveting component includes riveter, riveter is slidably connected on first Y axis mobile seat along Z axis direction, first Y axis mobile seat is slidably connected on first X axis mobile seat along Y axis direction, and first X axis mobile seat is slidably connected on workbench along X axis direction;Positioning component is connected on workbench, and positioning component includes oppositely arranged end positioning baffle and tight jaw assembly, and lateral positioning component is arranged between end positioning baffle and tight jaw assembly, and lateral positioning component includes first lateral rest and second lateral rest, and tight jaw assembly includes base, and base has jaw, and jaw is driven by tight cylinder to be close to or away from end positioning baffle.The present application can effectively position and rivet to special-shaped structural member or complex structural member, and can effectively improve riveting efficiency.

The utility model provides a positioning and clamping device suitable for stand columns of different models. The positioning and clamping device comprises a bottom plate, a lateral positioning block mechanism, a front supporting and positioning mechanism, a rear supporting and positioning mechanism, a first pressing plate mechanism and a second pressing plate mechanism. A longitudinal rail groove is formed in the upper surface of the bottom plate, three transverse rail grooves are formed in the left side and the right side of the longitudinal rail groove respectively, and the three transverse rail grooves are the front rail groove, the middle rail groove and the rear rail groove in sequence from front to back according to the position. The lateral positioning block mechanisms are divided into a left group and a right group and are movably mounted in the front track grooves on the left and right sides; the front supporting and positioning mechanism is movably installed on the front side of the longitudinal rail groove. The rear supporting and positioning mechanisms are movably mounted in the middle track grooves in the left and right sides; the first pressing plate mechanism is arranged on the rear side of the longitudinal rail groove. The two second pressing plate mechanisms are located on the left side and the right side of the first pressing plate mechanism correspondingly.

The utility model discloses a fixing table suitable for animal function ultrasonic imaging, which comprises a bottom plate, a plurality of fixing plates and a plurality of fixing plates, and the bottom plate extends along the length direction of an animal to be detected; the transverse positioning assembly is movably arranged on the bottom plate, and a limiting space is formed by the transverse positioning assembly; the longitudinal positioning assemblies are perpendicular to the transverse positioning assemblies, the longitudinal positioning assemblies are movably arranged on the two sides of the bottom plate, and positioning spaces are formed by the longitudinal positioning assemblies and used for positioning the neck and the tail of the animal to be detected respectively. The abdomen of an animal to be detected is limited through the transverse positioning assembly, the head and the tail of the animal to be detected are limited through the longitudinal positioning assembly, and a plurality of animals to be detected in the same batch use the same limiting space, so that standardized body position placement is realized, and the influence of body position change on a B-ultrasonic detection image is reduced.

This utility model relates to an airtightness testing fixture for wire harness end faces, comprising a mounting base with air chamber pipelines distributed within it, and a connector mounted on the upper end of the mounting base. The connector has flow guide cavities connected to the air chamber pipelines. A left and right flow control device are also mounted on the mounting base, and these devices are connected to the air chamber pipelines. A left and right positioning device are mirror-mounted on both sides of the mounting base, with a left positioning clamp mounted on the left and a right positioning clamp mounted on the right. The left and right positioning clamps, together with the connector, form a clamping area. Thus, a modular, replaceable connector design supports multiple modes such as air injection, air extraction, and pressure holding. Employing a mirror-symmetrical lateral positioning device and a flexible gasket-fitted clearance groove structure, the clamping force is adaptively adjusted via a hinged steering mechanism driven by a cylinder.

The utility model discloses a shield segment transportation device with a fitting positioning structure, which relates to the technical field of shield construction and comprises a base, a left support frame is arranged on the left side of the top of the base, a right support frame is arranged on the right side of the top of the base, fitting grooves are formed in the inner sides of the left support frame and the right support frame, and the fitting positioning structure is arranged in the fitting grooves. Connecting frames are fixedly installed on the front sides and the rear sides of the left supporting frame and the right supporting frame, supporting rollers are rotationally installed at the ends, away from the left supporting frame or the right supporting frame, of the connecting frames, and the lateral positioning mechanism is used for adjusting the positions of the left supporting frame and the right supporting frame. According to the shield segment conveying device with the attaching positioning structure, the left supporting frame and the right supporting frame are arranged to be matched with the lateral positioning mechanism so that the shield segment conveying device can move on the top of the base, and then the left supporting frame and the right supporting frame can support the bottom of a shield segment through a connecting frame and a supporting roller; and due to the arrangement of the attaching grooves, the two ends of the shield segment can be positioned in an attaching mode.

The utility model relates to the field of shipbuilding, in particular to a side orientation positioning structure for hull closure, which comprises a first mounting seat, a second mounting seat, a first telescopic cylinder, a second telescopic cylinder, a third telescopic cylinder, a third telescopic cylinder, a fourth telescopic cylinder, a fourth telescopic cylinder, a fourth telescopic cylinder, a fifth telescopic cylinder and a sixth telescopic cylinder, the first mounting seat is internally provided with a slot, and the second mounting seat is fixedly connected with a positioning pin matched with the slot; the second telescopic cylinders are annularly and fixedly connected to the first mounting base, and the telescopic ends of the second telescopic cylinders penetrate through the first mounting base; by the adoption of the structure, through the arrangement of the first telescopic cylinder and the second telescopic cylinder, when the positioning pin is inserted into the inserting groove, the telescopic end of the first telescopic cylinder is squeezed, then the second telescopic cylinder extends, the telescopic end of the second telescopic cylinder is automatically inserted into the positioning opening, movement of the positioning pin is stopped, and automatic positioning of the positioning pin is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of underground diaphragm wall component construction equipment, in particular to an underground diaphragm wall component hoisting posture adjusting device and an adjusting method thereof. The underground diaphragm wall component hoisting posture adjusting device comprises a loading vehicle, buffer plates, a first positioning plate, a second positioning plate, a driving assembly and an adjusting assembly, a moving seat is installed at the top of the loading vehicle, a bearing plate is installed at the top of the moving seat, and the buffer plates are symmetrically arranged at the top of the bearing plate. According to the underground diaphragm wall component hoisting posture adjusting device and the adjusting method thereof, through the design of the positioning assembly, transverse and longitudinal two-way precise limiting of the component is achieved, the electric push rod drives the first positioning plate to stably move along the sliding rail, and transverse precise limiting of the component is achieved; the first motor drives the two-way screw to rotate and drives the second positioning plate to complete longitudinal centering positioning of the component, an operator does not need to work around the component, the safety accident risk caused by shaking and falling of the large-weight component is avoided, and the personal safety of constructors is guaranteed.

The application provides an automatic clamping method for producing a journal type blade, comprising the following steps: automatic clamping preparation, blade and clamp, loading and unloading station preparation, torque wrench parameter setting; presetting the torque and rotating circle number (8-10 circles) of the force limiting wrench in the system; setting the tail seat position of the loading and unloading station and setting the jacking force; part grabbing and positioning; the manipulator grabs the big end journal of the blade, approaches the middle position of the two clamping jaws of the self-centering clamp on the loading and unloading station, axially approaches the axial positioning block, and laterally approaches the lateral positioning point; the tail seat of the loading and unloading station jacks up the blade, that is, the tail seat of the loading and unloading station is in contact with the fillet of the journal of the blade; the force limiting wrench is locked; the position of the blade is accurately positioned; the tail seat of the loading and unloading station retreats, and the clamping of the blade is completed. The application has the following advantages: the clamping efficiency and quality of single process machining of the journal type blade are significantly improved, the single piece clamping time is greatly shortened, the efficiency is greatly improved, and the single process automatic clamping with high precision and low cost is realized.

The utility model provides a welding jig with a lateral positioning function, which relates to the technical field of welding jigs, is used for simultaneously welding two contact knives on the bottom surface of a cap body, and comprises a base and a first lateral positioning mechanism fixedly connected with the base, the base is provided with a first assembling groove for placing a vertical section of a contact knife and a second assembling groove for accommodating a cap body, the first assembling groove is communicated with the second assembling groove so as to enable a horizontal section of the contact knife to be located at the bottom of the cap body, the side wall of the second assembling groove is provided with a moving channel, and the moving channel is communicated with the moving channel. The first lateral positioning mechanism comprises an ejector rod and a driving part, the ejector rod is driven by the driving part to stretch out and draw back along the moving channel and correspondingly abut against or release the contact knives, and therefore the problem that when an existing jig is used for welding two contact knives at the same time, products are prone to being bad is solved.

This utility model discloses an easy-to-install access control gate, including a platform and multiple turnstiles. The platform has positioning slots on both sides. A positioning plate is installed on the end of each turnstile facing the platform, and the positioning plate is inserted into the corresponding positioning slot. A frame is fitted over the platform, and multiple limiting slots are provided on both sides of the frame. Limiting components are installed on the opposite end faces of the positioning plates, opposite to the limiting slots. This utility model has a simple structure. The turnstiles can be directly installed in the positioning slots via the positioning plates. The positioning plates and positioning slots vertically position the turnstiles. After the frame is fitted over the outer platform, it horizontally positions the positioning plates. The limiting blocks on the positioning plates position the frame, allowing the three components to cooperate and restrain each other, greatly facilitating installation and disassembly.

The utility model relates to the technical field of mechanical automation, in particular to a product detection mechanism which mainly comprises a supporting frame, an installation plate is installed at the top end of the supporting frame, a transfer frame is installed at one end of the top of the installation plate, a detection frame is arranged behind the top end of the installation plate, and an adjusting installation assembly comprises a sliding rail. A first positioning plate is arranged at the top end of the sliding rail, a two-way threaded adjusting rod is arranged on the inner side of the first positioning plate, the positioning adjusting assembly comprises an adjusting cylinder, a threaded supporting foot is arranged on the inner side of the adjusting cylinder, and a transverse positioning rod is arranged on the inner side of the threaded supporting foot. According to the product detection mechanism, the first positioning plate and the second positioning plate are arranged at the bottom ends of the four detection frames for installation, the position between the first positioning plate and the second positioning plate can be relatively adjusted and positioned, the two-way threaded adjusting rod can adjust the position between the first positioning plate, adjustment and positioning are facilitated, adjustment can be conducted after the detection frames are installed, and the detection accuracy is improved. And the detection applicability of the equipment is improved.

This utility model discloses a fire-fighting pipeline positioning structure for fire protection engineering, relating to the field of fire-fighting pipeline positioning technology. It includes a horizontal mounting plate, with vertical plates symmetrically fixed at both ends of the bottom surface of the horizontal mounting plate. A U-shaped mounting plate is positioned between the two vertical plates, and a multi-point clamping positioning assembly is provided on the U-shaped mounting plate. A lifting connection structure is provided between the U-shaped mounting plate and the vertical plates. The multi-point clamping positioning assembly includes a bottom support plate positioned above the top surface of the bottom plate of the U-shaped mounting plate, and a first damper connecting the bottom surface of the bottom support plate and the bottom plate of the U-shaped mounting plate. Through the multi-point clamping positioning assembly, the fire-fighting pipeline is placed on the bottom support plate, the side support plates provide lateral positioning for the fire-fighting pipeline, and the top plate descends to contact the fire-fighting pipeline for top positioning. This facilitates clamping and positioning of pipelines of different diameters. Simultaneously, the connecting spring, the fixing spring, the first damper, and the second damper provide vibration reduction and buffering.