The invention provides a maritime emergency communication system which is used for realizing communication in a maritime emergency state and meeting emergency communication requirements in a highly confronting environment in the emergency state. The maritime emergency communication system comprises a main communication system and a mobile access communication system. The main communication systemis composed of at least two buoys, carries a broadband reconfigurable radio frequency assembly, a communication gateway, an optical signal processor, an industrial WIFI subsystem, a short-wave communication subsystem, a Beidou navigation subsystem and a hybrid energy subsystem, and is in wireless communication with an overhead airplane and a ship platform. The mobile access communication system iscomposed of a plurality of water surface robots, carries a multi-system full duplex underwater acoustic communication machine, an underwater optical communication machine, a broadband software reconfigurable radio frequency module, a short wave communication subsystem, a Beidou navigation subsystem, an underwater acoustic communication subsystem and an underwater optical communication subsystem,communicates with an underwater battle platform through an underwater acoustic communication machine and an underwater optical communication machine, and communicates with an overhead aircraft and a ship platform in a wireless communication mode.