The invention discloses an optical fiber phase synchronization system based on optical active compensation, comprising: a frequency reference, a phase-locked frequency multiplier, a pulse generator, a laser, a 1×2 optical coupler, a polarization scrambler, a circulator, and an optical delay line , optical fiber, demultiplexer, photodetector, radio frequency amplifier, pulse distribution amplifier, radio frequency power divider, phase detector, time interval counter, delay processing unit, drive circuit. The present invention can ensure that the frequency signal phases are consistent under operations such as shutdown and restart or optical fiber routing change, and realize phase synchronization, thereby improving the coherence of time-frequency transmission and meeting the requirements of coherent detection applications such as distributed radar arrays.