The invention provides a water hydraulic axial plunger pump provided with a pressure-limiting and overflow device. The pump comprises a back end cover (1), a valve plate (2), a rotating cylinder assembly (3), a casing (4), a sliding bearing (5), an odd number of plunger and slipper assemblies (6), a return plate (7), a swash plate (8), a mechanical seal (9), a front end cover (10), a shaft (11) and the pressure-limiting and overflow device mounted on the back end cover. By the aid of the pressure-limiting and overflow device mounted on the back end cover, pressure-limiting and overflow functions of a water hydraulic axial plunger pump body are realized; the pressure-limiting and overflow device adopts the mechanical and hydraulic double-damping design, obvious defects of large working vibration, large noise, low pressure adjusting precision, poor working stability and the like of general water hydraulic overflow valves are effectively overcome, and the working stability of a system is improved; meanwhile, the problem that a main valve core cannot be opened due to the fact that a damping hole of a fixedly mounted damper is blocked due to medium pollution and local high pressure is formed in a damping cavity is effectively solved.