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This invention provides a fuzzy testing mutation scheduling optimization method based on the mayfly algorithm, belonging to the field of fuzzy testing. It includes: Step 1, constructing a lightweight mayfly population for each seed in the fuzzy testing process, where individuals in the population represent a probability distribution of a set of mutation operators; Step 2, selecting mutation operators for each seed in the queue according to a uniform probability distribution, performing mutation, and simultaneously collecting path coverage and crash detection as feedback information, and calculating fitness scores through normalization and weighting; Step 3, simulating diverse behavioral patterns of the mayfly population based on individual fitness scores, dynamically updating the probability distribution of mutation operators, and optimizing the probability distribution; Step 4, finally applying the optimized probability distribution to the next round of seed mutation to generate more effective test cases, and repeatedly executing the above steps to achieve continuous optimization of the mutation scheduling strategy, improving fuzzy testing coverage and vulnerability discovery capabilities.