The invention discloses a data processing system based on a VPX (versatile protocol switch) bus structure, which comprises a main control sub-system, and a plurality of data processing sub-systems which are connected with the main control sub-system by a data exchange subsystem, wherein the main control sub-system is used for data inputting and data outputting, task issuing and dynamic managing, the data exchange subsystem is used for high-speed data interaction between the main control sub-system and each data processing sub-system, and the data processing sub-systems are used for processing data at high speed. The data processing system disclosed by the invention is built based on a VPX bus, adopts a modularization design, is easy to cut and has the advantages of being fast in processing, low in power consumption, flexible in expansion, high in firmness and the like; what is more, the floating-point processing capacity is more than 1500G FLOPS (floating operation per second), and 10Gbps Ethernet data input and 20Gbps high-speed serial bus interconnection can be achieved.