The embodiment of the invention discloses a cleaning and dust absorption device, which comprises a right-handed rotation roll brush, first rolling bearing units, a left-handed rotation roll brush, an engine base, a caster mounting seat, a caster, a dust absorption part, two drive parts, transmission parts, bracket spacers, a bracket and a steering part, wherein the right-handed rotation roll brush is provided with bristles linearly arranged in a right-hand screw manner; the left-handed rotation roll brush is provided with bristles linearly arranged in a left-hand screw manner; the right-handed rotation roll brush and the left-handed rotation roll brush are directly mounted on the first rolling bearing units through a roll brush shaft; the dust absorption opening of the dust collection part is formed in the bottom of the engine base; one end of the bracket is fixed with the engine base; the other end of the bracket is fixed on the steering part; the bracket spacers are arranged on the upper surface and the lower surface of the bracket. According to the device, a double-roll brush structure with bristles in different rotation directions, different cleaning manners can be realized through controlling rotation directions of the roll brushes, and meanwhile the steering part is arranged, so that the problems of single cleaning operation mode, incapability of flexible and free cleaning operation and poor cleaning efficiency are solved.