A computing device including one or more
processing devices configured to receive classical shadow measurement results associated with a fermion wavefunction. The fermion wavefunction may describe a particle-number-conserving fermion
system. The one or more
processing devices may compute an estimated k-reduced
density matrix (k-RDM), where k is a number of ladder operator pairs. Computing the estimated k-RDM may include computing, as terms of the estimated k-RDM, traces of respective products of a number operator of the particle-number-conserving fermion
system, a single-particle basis
rotation matrix dependent upon the classical shadow measurement result, elementary symmetric polynomials of Majorana bivectors, and a
conjugate transpose of the single-particle basis
rotation matrix. Computing each trace may include iteratively computing derivatives of a Pfaffian. The one or more
processing devices may output the estimated k-RDM.