95 results about "Conventional medicine" patented technology

The invention discloses a melanoma lesion area segmentation method based on a CLIP multi-modal fusion network. The method comprises the following steps: 1, constructing an MA-CLIP model; 2, a BLIP language model is finely adjusted through a manually-labeled text-image pair, a large-scale multi-modal data set is constructed, a training set, a test set and a verification set are divided, and preprocessing is carried out; 3, training the MA-CLIP model; 4, evaluating the performance of the MA-CLIP model and optimizing parameters; and 5, inputting a to-be-segmented melanoma clinical image into the trained MA-CLIP model, and outputting a segmentation result. According to the method, the problem of insufficient traditional medical data annotation can be solved, accurate guidance of clinical semantics on image segmentation is realized, and the recognition precision and boundary segmentation capability of a focus in a complex form are improved.

The invention relates to the field of medical informatization, in particular to a multifunctional acupuncture point training simulation system and an application method thereof. Simulation tissue, force feedback, an acupoint simulation database and an intelligent evaluation technology are fused, and a vivid acupuncture training environment is created. The system simulates human tissues layer by layer, accurately collects acupuncture pressure and resistance, feeds back force feeling in real time, intelligently evaluates acupuncture performance in combination with acupuncture point characteristic data, and generates a detailed evaluation report. The virtual reality display module visually displays the acupuncture process and provides all-around feedback information. According to the innovative design, the acupuncture training effect and efficiency are remarkably improved, a safe and efficient learning platform is created for students, the modernization and standardization process of acupuncture education is promoted, and new power is injected for traditional medical inheritance and development.

The invention discloses an intelligent medical remote diagnosis and treatment system based on artificial intelligence, which adopts a convolutional neural network to extract ultrasonic, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, adopts a long-short term memory network to extract electrocardiogram, blood pressure and blood sugar characteristics, and subsequently fuses the characteristics with an electronic medical record. And finally, the multi-modal local large model is utilized to diagnose the structured data. The specific implementation steps of the system are as follows: S1: data acquisition; s2, data preprocessing; s3, feature extraction; s4, data transmission; s5, performing diagnosis; s6, remote interaction; s7, data analysis; s8, manual verification is carried out; s9, updating the model; the defects that traditional medical image and physiological signal detection is long in consumed time and large in error are overcome, the problem that medical resources are not evenly distributed is effectively solved, and improvement of multi-mechanism cooperation and the overall diagnosis capacity is promoted.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical data processing, and discloses a physical examination report interpretation tool based on an AI general large model, and the tool comprises a data extraction module which is used for extracting text contents from different types of physical examination reports, and the physical examination reports comprise a PDF format report, a Word format report, an HTML format report and an image format report; the deep learning model adaptive optimization module is used for carrying out incremental learning according to newly added physical examination report data and automatically adjusting parameters of a deep learning model to adapt to a new report format and medical indexes; and the abnormal index identification module is used for identifying abnormal indexes in the physical examination report and generating an interpretation prompt. Through combination of AI deep learning and traditional medical knowledge, dynamic cue word generation and flexible data structuring are innovatively utilized, and cross-domain adaptation of the physical examination report automatic interpretation system is realized through flexible cue word adjustment and optimization of a data analysis method.

The invention provides an external application medicine for incontinent dermatitis and a preparation method thereof. The composition is prepared from active ingredients such as a radix sophorae flavescentis extract, calamine, vitamin E, ceramide, a herba portulacae extract, glycyrrhizic acid, chitosan and colloidal oat powder according to a specific proportion. Moisturizing matrixes such as sodium hyaluronate and glycerol and functional components such as tea tree essential oil are supplemented. And through a preparation process of matching high-speed shearing with ultrasonic dispersion, uniform dispersion and stability of each component are ensured. Experimental results show that the composition shows a remarkable synergistic effect in the aspects of anti-inflammation, antibiosis, skin barrier repair and the like, the comprehensive relieving and repairing effect of the composition is superior to that of a conventional drug control, and all the components and a special preparation process are necessary for achieving the optimal effect. The product has no irritation to human skin, is good in safety, can be prepared into various dosage forms such as cream, hydrogel or spray, and is suitable for nursing and repairing sensitive skin.

The invention discloses a medicine adding device used in cooperation with a hemodialysis machine and a using method of the medicine adding device. The medicine adding device used in cooperation with the hemodialysis machine comprises a blood pipeline and a medicine adding device, the first medicine adding assembly comprises a bin body, a first medicine liquid guide pipe and a flow control assembly. During use, medicine entering the bin body can be slowly injected into the blood pipeline through the first medicine liquid guide pipe by adjusting the flow control assembly. Under an original conventional medicine adding mode, medicine injected into blood at a time through an injector can be slowly injected into the blood when the first medicine adding assembly of the medicine adding device is adopted for medicine adding, so that the medicine can flow into the blood slowly and more dispersedly, is more fully and uniformly mixed with the blood and then flows back into the body of a patient along with the blood successively, and the medicine adding effect is good. A better treatment effect is achieved; and meanwhile, for the medicament needing to be slowly injected, medical personnel do not need to slowly push the piston of the injector to slowly move to inject the medicament, so that the operation difficulty of slowly injecting the medicament is reduced.

The invention discloses a weak supervision medical image segmentation method based on MedSAM, and aims to solve the problems that traditional medical image segmentation depends on a large amount of annotation data, and training is time-consuming and labor-consuming, and improve the segmentation performance under the condition that the annotation cost is limited. A deep learning model feature extraction capability is utilized, and a category activation graph is generated through a backbone network to preliminarily position a target area. A CSD bidirectional common sense defense module and an AMS class activation graph superposition module are provided, the former is combined with global information to improve the robustness of the model, and the latter is used for determining the maximum target range to guarantee the segmentation effect. A dynamic threshold segmentation strategy and a MedSAM model are combined to enhance a thermodynamic diagram, semantic features are integrated to avoid dependence on prototype learning, and weak supervision high-precision segmentation is realized. Experiments show that the multi-data-set performance of the method is superior to that of the existing method, the application prospect is wide, and the method can be applied to various medical image tasks and other fields which are high in labeling cost and need efficient segmentation.

The application discloses a dynamic prototype multi-model medical image classification method based on feature credibility evaluation, and relates to the technical field of medical image processing.The method effectively solves the problems in traditional medical image subtype classification, such as lack of high-quality labeled data, high uncertainty of pseudo-labels, and difficulty of static prototypes in adapting to dynamic changes of lesions, and the like.Through construction of a multi-structure feature extraction network and completion of hierarchical feature fusion, the method combines feature cross learning, local attention modeling and expanded convolution to supplement context information, and strengthens semantic consistency and structural continuity of lesion region features.Meanwhile, the method constructs a spatial similarity graph through cosine similarity, and models and fuses a spatial uncertainty graph with any and cognitive uncertainty based on a Dirichlet distribution, obtains a reliable evidence graph through exponential fusion, and generates a pseudo-label with sample-level confidence, so that effective supervision information is accurately screened from a feature level, cumulative deviation of false pseudo-labels is greatly reduced, and stability of a semi-supervised learning process is improved.

This utility model discloses a sterilization device structure, comprising: a storage box, which is electrically connected to a circuit board and a control panel, and has an internal accommodating space with an opening and a storage recess and a storage container recess at the lower end. The accommodating space is equipped with at least one box light; a front door with the opening; a fan disposed in the storage box; a lower partition disposed at the upper end of the storage recess and the storage container recess, and a row of fans fixed to the space between the storage containers below it; at least one spray module disposed in the lower partition; at least one movable shelf disposed in the middle section of the storage box; a lower shelf disposed in the lower section of the storage box; one or more sets of medicine containers disposed in the storage recess and corresponding to the spray module; and an air purification module disposed in the storage container recess. This invention solves the problem that conventional medicines cannot be finely atomized and cannot reach the inner and outer surfaces of shoes through airflow.

This invention belongs to the field of medical education, specifically relating to a dynamic intelligent evaluation system for the learning behavior of medical students that integrates AI methods. The system includes: a multi-source data acquisition module for collecting learning behavior data; a data preprocessing and fusion module for data cleaning, standardization, and correlation; a multimodal fusion analysis module that uses a multimodal fusion model to map the learning behavior data into dynamic quantitative scores for the student's ability dimensions; and an evaluation and feedback module for generating dynamic profiles of individual and group abilities, knowledge reinforcement suggestions, and learning path suggestions based on the dynamic quantitative scores. This addresses the problems of evaluation lag and strong subjectivity inherent in traditional medical education evaluation methods.

The present invention provides a medicine packaging and dispensing device and a method for using the same. The medicine packaging and dispensing device includes an automatic medicine dispensing device, a manual medicine dispensing device, a medicine collecting and dispensing device for collecting the medicines dispensed by the automatic and manual medicine dispensing devices, a medicine bag stretching and delivering device for receiving the medicines from the medicine collecting and delivering devices and delivering them into medicine bags, and a medicine bag conveying device for conveying medicine bags to receive the medicines delivered by the medicine bag stretching and delivering device. The automatic medicine dispensing device is used to control the automatic dispensing of medicines to achieve the dispensing of conventional medicines, and the manual medicine dispensing device is used to manually load medicines to achieve the dispensing of special medicines. The medicine packaging and dispensing device of the present invention and a method for using the same can achieve the loading and packaging of various medicines by providing the automatic and manual medicine dispensing devices, without requiring that all medicines must be stored in the medicine packaging and dispensing device.

This invention discloses an adaptive motion decomposition method for medical image registration, belonging to the field of medical image analysis technology. The method includes: constructing a primary medical registration model based on the Transformer motion decomposition module and the adaptive recursive module; training the primary medical registration model using a loss function to obtain a final medical registration model after training; inputting a fixed image and a moving image into the final medical registration model; and finally outputting a full-resolution fine deformation field to achieve registration between the moving and fixed images. This invention overcomes the limitations of traditional medical registration by improving the Transformer motion decomposition-based medical registration model, enabling it to automatically achieve different degrees of refinement decomposition for complex medical images in different regions, thereby improving the accuracy and efficiency of medical registration.

The invention discloses an online inquiry processing method and device, electronic equipment and a computer readable medium, relates to the technical field of e-commerce and internet medical treatment, and compared with a conventional medicine purchasing process that a user selects a drugstore for performance, the online inquiry processing method has the advantages that multiple drugstore terminals capable of performing the performance are pushed to a doctor through a doctor terminal, and the efficiency of medicine purchasing is improved. After a doctor selects a dosage form and a pharmacy terminal, traditional Chinese medicine is prepared, a prescription is made, and then the pharmacy terminal selected by the doctor carries out prescription filling, production, performance and delivery, so that a rapid medicine purchasing mode based on online traditional Chinese medicine inquiry is realized, the traditional Chinese medicine inquiry medicine purchasing process is simplified, the online inquiry processing efficiency is improved, and a closed loop of traditional Chinese medicine inquiry and medicine purchasing is realized.

The application relates to the technical field of data query, and particularly discloses a data query method for a medical experiment system, which comprises the following steps: step S1: establishing a medical experiment report library, binding structured stored experiment information for each piece of experiment data, including experiment object attributes, a detection index set, experiment condition parameters and experiment conclusion keywords; step S2: constructing a knowledge graph based on the experiment information, taking the experiment object attributes as root nodes, the detection index set as secondary nodes, the experiment condition parameters as tertiary nodes, and generating semantic relationship edges between nodes according to the experiment conclusion keywords; and step S3: analyzing an abstract query sentence input by a user, mapping the abstract query sentence to corresponding nodes and semantic edges of the knowledge graph, and returning matched experiment data through path traversal; the method solves the problems of semantic understanding difficulty and insufficient correlation analysis in traditional medical data query, and significantly improves the query efficiency and accuracy.

The invention discloses a medicated diet composition for improving haemorrhoids and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicine, the medicated diet composition is specially used for qi deficiency and blood deficiency type haemorrhoids, and the medicated diet composition is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: 15-30 parts of hairyvein agrimony, 50-80 parts of streaky pork, 15-30 parts of astragalus membranaceus, 10-20 parts of angelica sinensis, 6-10 parts of rhizoma cimicifugae, 100-150 parts of Chinese yam, 6-10 parts of pericarpium citri reticulatae and 10-15 parts of hawthorn. The traditional Chinese medicine composition realizes precise conditioning of homology of medicine and food, not only exerts the treatment effects of tonifying qi and lifting, nourishing blood and stopping bleeding through the medicinal materials, but also supplements nutrition and assists in improving the qi and blood deficiency state by means of food materials, solves the problem that patients of the type need long-term independent conditioning after conventional medicine treatment, and gives consideration to the synergistic effect of treatment and deficiency tonifying.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical radiology department, and discloses a medical radiography auxiliary device machine using method for the medical radiology department, the medical radiography auxiliary device machine comprises a bearing plate, a lifting mechanism is arranged on the lower surface of the bearing plate, a bottom plate is arranged at the bottom end of the lifting mechanism, and a plurality of universal wheels are arranged on the lower surface of the bottom plate; and a containing cavity is formed in the bearing plate, a second motor is arranged in the containing cavity of the bearing plate, a first sliding groove is formed in the side wall of the bearing plate, and a first threaded rod is fixedly arranged at the output end of the second motor. Through cooperative work of all the mechanisms, radiography-related parts can be flexibly adjusted in multiple dimensions of vertical, horizontal and space angles, the positioning requirements of different patient body positions and different radiography parts are met, and the radiography operation accuracy is improved. The problem that in the using process of a traditional medical radiography auxiliary device, due to the fact that the adjusting dimension is limited, the traditional medical radiography auxiliary device is difficult to adapt to the positioning requirements of different patients, and the radiography operation efficiency is affected is solved.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of medicine pushing uniform-speed devices, particularly relates to a timing automatic medicine pushing uniform-speed device, and aims to solve the problems that when a conventional medicine pushing uniform-speed device is used, a manual pushing mode is adopted, although the medicine pushing amount can be kept consistent every time, the medicine pushing interval time is inconvenient to control to be consistent every time, and medicine is pushed continuously by holding a handle tightly, so that the medicine pushing time is shortened. In order to solve the problems that in the prior art, the hand of a medical worker is prone to ache symptoms, and the medical worker is inconvenient to use, according to the scheme, the device comprises an L-shaped shell, a medicine pushing barrel is fixedly arranged at the bottom of the inner wall of the L-shaped shell, and a piston used in cooperation with the medicine pushing barrel is slidably connected into the medicine pushing barrel. When the medicine pushing device is used, liquid medicine in the liquid storage tank can be quantitatively extracted, intermittent and regular medicine pushing frequency is achieved, so that the medicine pushing interval time of each time is controlled to be consistent, manual pushing is not needed, the phenomenon that the hands of medical staff feel sore due to the fact that the medicine is continuously pushed by holding the handle tightly is avoided, and the medicine pushing device is more convenient to use.

The invention discloses a flight personnel health management method and system for vestibular function inspection abnormity, and relates to the technical field of flight personnel management, and the management method comprises the steps: obtaining a multi-source health data set of a target flight personnel, constructing a load characteristic variable, and carrying out the synchronous storage; according to the load characteristic variables, performing screening normalization processing action, and inputting the processed data to a pre-constructed linear evaluation model; according to the technical key points, a linear weighting model is adopted in the operation management method, the initial flight adaptability is output, and a flight adaptability threshold value is set, so that on one hand, rapid grading and discrimination of the health adaptability of the flight personnel are realized, and the continuous operation efficiency of the high-confidence flight adaptability personnel is guaranteed; and on the other hand, the preliminary evaluation mechanism is used as a condition triggering tool, and related processes of VEMP supplementary inspection are activated under corresponding conditions, so that the problems of low efficiency and overweight medical burden caused by one-time cutting in traditional medical screening are solved, and the effects of on-demand detection and accurate starting of resource optimization configuration are achieved.

The invention provides a traditional medicine AI translation engine, which converts literatures such as traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurbark from a concept space to a modern medicine semantic space. A neural machine translation and semantic mapping combined double-stage method is adopted, ancient Chinese, Sanskrit and the like are translated firstly, then a traditional concept is automatically annotated as a modern term (such as liver depression and qi stagnation)-liver dysfunction caused by emotion depression), and a knowledge graph associated entity is constructed. And multi-language and multi-format output is supported, and semantic annotation teaching materials or computable knowledge data are generated, so that non-traditional Chinese medicine background researchers can understand medical cases and take the medical cases into evidence-based research. International propagation and academic mining of traditional medicine are promoted, traditional Chinese medicine digitization is assisted, and great strategic significance is achieved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological agents, and particularly relates to application of Roseburia inulinivorans in preparation of a medicine for treating and / or preventing enteritis. The invention finds that the intestinal bacteria Roseburia inulinivorans can improve ulcerative colitis by adjusting the steady state of microorganisms, protecting the integrity of intestinal barriers and maintaining the steady state of immunity. According to the application, the curative effect of Roseburia inulinivorans on colitis is comprehensively evaluated, and the Roseburia inulinivorans has the functions of resisting inflammation, recovering immune balance, resisting oxidative stress, resisting pyroptosis, regulating bile acid metabolism, relieving endothelial dysfunction and intestinal ecological dysfunction and the like, and particularly, the Roseburia inulinivorans can achieve the treatment effect the same as that of a clinical conventional medicine mesalazine. And meanwhile, the Roseburia inulinivorans has no side effects, so that the Roseburia inulinivorans have no side effects. Therefore, the Roseburia inulinivorans is very likely to become a good candidate drug for improving the ulcerative colitis.

The invention relates to the technical field of digital medical information processing, in particular to a digital diagnosis and treatment-oriented Chinese character knowledge graph construction method, which comprises the following steps of S1, performing acquisition, sentence segmentation, word segmentation, character standardization and entity labeling on a multi-source medical text, and generating a text set with structured entity information; and S2, extracting a stroke sequence and structural information of each Chinese character in the text to establish font representation, and constructing a font similarity relation graph to represent structural similarity and component sharing relation between characters. According to the method, accurate construction of the character-level medical knowledge graph is realized through structured processing and consistent mapping of fonts and semantics of the multi-source medical text, so that the problems that most traditional medical knowledge extraction methods are based on word-level modeling, and the medical entity recognition precision is insufficient due to the lack of structural semantic association of a font level are solved.

The invention provides a tumor nursing method combined with traditional medicine, which comprises the following steps: collecting physiological data such as meridian conductance, acupoint temperature and qi and blood running rate of a patient through a multi-modal sensor, and after multi-dimensional preprocessing, inputting a dynamic harmonic algorithm to generate a personalized nursing parameter set, including acupuncture intensity, cupping positioning and scraping time sequence parameters. And the intelligent acupuncture device and the negative pressure cupping device execute corresponding operations according to the information. Meanwhile, skin microcirculation indexes and local temperature distribution are monitored in real time, body surface thermodynamic characteristics are obtained through an infrared thermal imager, and when monitoring data exceed a threshold value, an adjustment algorithm is fed back to dynamically correct a nursing parameter set. And finally, generating a nursing scheme, and outputting comprehensive nursing suggestions of traditional Chinese medicine constitution classification and prognosis evaluation reports. The nursing effect can be improved, the risk is reduced, and patient rehabilitation is promoted.

The invention provides a concept-semantic migration clinical auxiliary system which maps traditional medical diagnosis (such as liver fire hyperactivity) to a modern medical semantic space and automatically prompts corresponding western medicine examinations (ALT, blood pressure and the like). Based on a DIKWP semantic model, the system performs parallel reasoning on western medicine diagnosis and a traditional conditioning scheme, and an intelligent layer comprehensively outputs traditional and western medicine combined optimization suggestions. A doctor interface visually displays a mapping result and a joint scheme, and supports interactive adjustment. The system helps doctors to quickly convert traditional diagnosis into quantitative basis, avoids missed diagnosis, and improves comprehensiveness and personalization of diagnosis and treatment decisions. The system is suitable for hospital outpatient service, multidisciplinary consultation and basic telemedicine, promotes cooperation of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, and has wide application prospects and intellectual property values.

The invention discloses navel hot-compress weight-losing refined traditional Chinese medicine powder, which belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine preparation, adopts pure natural herbaceous plant raw materials, avoids side effects of chemical medicines, ensures use safety and mildness, promotes abdominal blood circulation and metabolism through navel hot compress, improves lipolysis efficiency, reduces weight loss, and improves weight loss. The traditional Chinese medicine components can be transdermally absorbed through skin, adjust in-vivo balance and improve obese constitution, stimulation of oral medicines to digestive systems is avoided, operation is simple, persistence is easy, complex procedures are not needed, the preparation process is standardized and normalized, safety and effectiveness of the product are guaranteed, in addition, the product can condition the body and solve related problems of weight management, and the product is worthy of popularization and application. A comprehensive health management scheme is provided, traditional and modern advantages are combined, the requirement of the market for natural therapy is met, the market competitiveness is enhanced, meanwhile, the application value of traditional Chinese herbal medicines in the field of medical health in the modern society is improved, and inheritance and development of traditional medicine are promoted.

The utility model discloses a motor control device capable of automatically discharging medicines, relates to the technical field of pharmaceutical equipment, and aims to solve the problems that the conventional medicine discharging equipment is lack of a structure for arranging the medicines in a conveying process, so that the medicines cannot be arranged in order, and the next working procedure can be influenced by disordered arrangement. According to the key points of the technical scheme, the device comprises a support, the outer side of the support is fixedly connected with a supporting plate, the interior of the supporting plate is fixedly connected with a sleeve, a moving rod is inserted into the sleeve, one end of the outer side of the moving rod is fixedly connected with a limiting block, and the other end of the outer side of the moving rod is fixedly connected with a clamping plate; and a screw rod is arranged in the center of the interior of the supporting plate, a locking nut is installed on the outer side of the screw rod, a rotating disc is fixedly connected to one end of the outer side of the screw rod, and a bearing is installed in the clamping plate. And the effect of convenient control and adjustment is achieved.

This item is a portable and storable Shirodhara treatment device used to perform Shirodhara, a treatment method of Ayurveda, a traditional medical system originating in India and Sri Lanka, in which heated oil or other substances are dripped onto the forehead or between the eyebrows of the person receiving treatment.

The invention discloses an intelligent double-disease diagnosis method based on information big data, and belongs to the field of disease diagnosis, and the diagnosis method comprises the following specific steps: I, collecting and processing sample data, and screening differential expression genes; iI, constructing a protein interaction network and screening Hub genes based on the network; iII, performing traditional Chinese medicine prediction analysis and tissue specific expression analysis on the Hub gene; iV, constructing a double-disease diagnosis model, and analyzing and applying the double-disease diagnosis model; according to the method, a new thought can be provided for combination of traditional medicine and modern medicine, treatment selection can be expanded, a large amount of gene expression data can be rapidly processed and analyzed, the diagnosis efficiency is remarkably improved, the diagnosis accuracy is enhanced, and the recognition capacity for complex diseases is improved.

1. The name of the design product: hand peeling machine. 2. The use of the design product: the design product is used for stripping of medicine from conventional medicine plates. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best shows the design points: perspective view 1.

The invention discloses a medical education simulation method and device. The method comprises the following steps: presetting case information of an AI patient and personalized character parameters corresponding to the case information; specified AI patient case information and corresponding personalized character parameters are selected; receiving inquiry content input by the student; identifying a medical operation instruction based on the inquiry content of the student; according to the selected case information of the AI patient and the corresponding personalized character parameters, generating a feedback response which conforms to behavior characteristics of the AI patient and contains emotion modification; and evaluating all the inquiry contents according to a preset scoring rule, and generating an evaluation report containing personalized character parameter influence analysis. According to the invention, by dynamically adjusting the personalized character parameters of the AI patient and integrating multidisciplinary data, the problems of simulation mechanization and disease type simplification of traditional medical education are solved, real doctor-patient interaction simulation and whole course teaching are realized, and the clinical decision-making ability and communication skills of students are remarkably improved.

The invention relates to an internet hospital diagnosis and treatment method and system for contemporary AI fusion medicine, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a traditional medicine AI diagnosis disease sequence model and a modern medicine AI diagnosis disease sequence model in the system in advance, and constructing a traditional medicine AI diagnosis disease sequence and a modern medicine AI diagnosis disease sequence of a patient based on the models, further constructing a contemporary AI fusion medical disease sequence of the patient, and before a treatment scheme is determined, selecting a disease needing to be treated and a treatment mode from the contemporary AI fusion medical disease sequence by the patient, so that a contemporary AI fusion medical system performs artificial intelligence processing and determines an auxiliary treatment scheme.