The invention discloses a combustion control system of a fuel oil burner, which comprises an oil delivery channel, an atomization medium channel, an ignition device, an air volume adjustment device, an oil volume adjustment device and a controller; the oil delivery port of the oil delivery channel is provided with an oil delivery pump , there is an oil pressure sensor in the oil delivery channel, and the oil volume adjustment device is the oil inlet valve; the ignition device includes an igniter and an atomizer; the ignition device is equipped with a flame signal sensor, a wind pressure sensor, and an atomization medium pressure sensor; The adjustment device includes a damper and a damper driver; the damper driver is provided with a damper position sensor; the controller controls the fuel pump, blower device, igniter, atomizer, heater, the start of the damper driver and the opening or closing of the oil inlet valve; The controller receives the output signals of each sensor, and controls the oil intake, the oil pressure in the oil delivery channel, the position of the damper and the air pressure according to the relevant signals. The invention can realize the independent adjustment of oil volume and air volume, has low energy consumption and high system reliability.