The invention provides an air quality monitoring and prediction system and method, and the system comprises a collection node, a storage node, and a prediction node, and the collection node, the storage node, and the prediction node form a blockchain network. The collection nodes are used for acquiring air pollution monitoring data and sending the monitoring data to the storage nodes in the area where the monitoring points are located. After receiving the monitoring data, the storage node verifies the data, generates a block from the data after passing the verification, and broadcasts the block in the system. Other storage nodes verify the blocks, and after the blocks pass the verification, the current storage node receives verification information of the other storage nodes and stores theblocks locally according to a time sequence to form a chain structure. Other storage nodes store the hash value, the time identifier and the position identifier of the block and the information of the storage node of the block locally for monitoring and querying the monitoring data, and the prediction nodes acquire monitoring data and predict future air quality in combination with a machine learning algorithm.