The invention discloses an optical fiber collimation system with an adjustable rotation angle. Laser emitted when a laser light source is connected with an optical fiber passes through an optical fiber collimation system to emit collimation light. The optical fiber collimation system comprises a lens cone, a 1/2 wave plate, a polarization splitting prism, a 1/4 wave plate, a planoconcave lens, a reflecting mirror and a double-gluing optical lens, wherein the 1/2 wave plate, the polarization splitting prism, the 1/4 wave plate, the planoconcave lens, the reflecting mirror and the double-gluingoptical lens are arranged in the lens cone in sequence; the 1/2 wave plate is used for rotating to change the polarization state of incident light; the polarization splitting prism is used for changing the energy of the emergent light; the 1/4 wave plate is used for rotating to change the polarization state of emergent light; and after emergent light, which passes through the 1/2 wave plate, the polarization splitting prism and the 1/4 wave plate, is subjected to beam expanding through the planoconcave lens, the emergent light is emitted to the double-gluing optical lens through the reflectingmirror and is then collimated through the double-gluing optical lens. The invention also discloses a wavefront debugging method for the optical fiber collimation system with the adjustable rotation angle.