1028 results about "Thermal cycle" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of data center heat dissipation, and particularly provides a single-phase and two-phase immersion liquid cooling method and system based on AI intelligent decision, and the method comprises the steps: injecting coupled data into a dynamic feature extraction engine, and outputting a thermodynamic state evolution tensor which comprises the characteristics of a temperature change rate, a load-heat flux density coupling coefficient and the like; the thermodynamic state evolution tensor is input into the deep neural network model, the temperature and pressure matched with the current thermodynamic state evolution tensor are calculated, and a closed-loop control instruction set capable of being executed by equipment is generated; a closed-loop control instruction set is injected into an execution mechanism set, execution mechanisms execute power reconstruction and flow channel switching according to instructions, gaseous fluorinated liquid is liquefied and flows back through an efficient condenser in a two-phase mode, and heat dissipation mode self-adaptive switching and heat cycle reconstruction are achieved. The system comprises a server, an AI algorithm controller, a cooling liquid storage device, a condenser, a circulating pump, an electric valve, a pressure release valve and a temperature sensor. The heat dissipation efficiency and the system reliability are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a copper bar connection state detection method and system, particularly relates to the technical field of copper bar state detection, and is used for solving the problem of poor early recognition of copper bar connection deterioration. According to the method, resistance and temperature rise conditions at the joint of the copper bars are measured synchronously in the load change process, signal denoising is realized in combination with finite difference filtering, and characteristic evolution conditions at the joint are captured; the method comprises the steps of determining an analysis window based on a real-time load change event, constructing a thermoelectric track point set and dividing a load rising and falling period, forming a continuous dynamic thermoelectric response curve, dividing a temperature rising track and a temperature falling track through a temperature change trend, extracting a resistance drift amount and a hysteresis loop area, and identifying a connection degradation trend and a structure fatigue characteristic. And connection state information generated by thermal stress action and thermal cycle asymmetry is obtained during load change, and a detection strategy is adjusted according to an analysis result, so that early degradation identification and intelligent risk grading of the copper bar connection state are carried out, and the sensitivity and accuracy of copper bar detection are improved.

Integrated intelligent system for beverage production, including distilled spirits and various brewed or fermented products, combining traditional methods with advanced technologies. System incorporates controlled fermentation unit, advanced distillation apparatus, and accelerated aging unit using novel methods like ultrasonic waves and thermal cycling. Real-time analysis system employs multiple sensors for continuous chemical composition monitoring throughout production process. Intelligent control mechanism optimizes processes and adjusts parameters dynamically. Chemical fingerprinting system enables precise quality control and authenticity verification. Flexible interface allows for customization of beverage profiles based on desired flavor characteristics and market demands. Specialized unit creates complex non- alcoholic alternatives. System adapts to different production scales and beverage types. Represents significant advancement in beverage production technology, offering unprecedented control, consistency, efficiency, and rapid product development across various beverage categories.

The invention discloses a multi-dimensional monitoring and early warning method and system for an adsorption and compression carbon dioxide energy storage system. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, collecting and preprocessing multi-source data in real time; step 2, key parameter calculation and abnormal feature identification; step 3, multi-dimensional data fusion and risk index generation; 4, performing graded early warning triggering and emergency response; and 5, dynamic optimization and feedback adjustment are carried out. The system comprises an energy storage process monitoring module, an energy release process monitoring module, a storage tank safety monitoring module, a thermodynamic cycle monitoring module and an abnormity early warning module. Compared with the prior art, the system has the advantages of full-process coverage, intelligent early warning, dynamic optimization and high reliability, intelligent monitoring and accurate early warning of the full process of the carbon dioxide energy storage system are achieved, and the safety and the operation efficiency of the system are remarkably improved.

The invention provides a spacecraft quartz powder heat insulation tile which is prepared by adopting high-purity quartz powder (SiO2) as a main raw material and combining a high-temperature-resistant ceramic fiber reinforcement and a nano aerogel heat insulation layer through a high-temperature sintering process. The heat insulation tile has the following advantages: 1, the heat insulation tile has excellent high temperature resistance, and can tolerate 1600 DEG C high temperature for a long time and tolerate 1800 DEG C instantaneous thermal shock for a short time; 2, repeated use: the structure is stable, and high strength is still kept after multiple thermal cycles; light weight: the density is low (less than or equal to 0.5 g / cm < 3 >), and the load of a spacecraft is reduced; and 4, the thermal conductivity is low (less than or equal to 0.05 W / m.K), and heat transfer is effectively isolated. The method is suitable for thermal protection systems (TPS) of spacecrafts, such as thermal insulation of reentry capsules and rocket engine nozzles.

The invention discloses an intelligent thermal management method and system for a power battery, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining current vehicle driving state data, and recognizing whether a vehicle enters a driving mode or not and whether a driving thermal management process is started or not; obtaining current driving working condition state data, and calculating vehicle demand power and battery allowable power based on the vehicle historical power and the current power data; obtaining current power battery temperature state data, judging a current driving thermal management requirement, and adaptively switching a management process corresponding to a thermal management strategy; and obtaining the current temperature of the cooling liquid at the inlet of the power battery, and judging whether to start thermal management or perform thermal cycle. According to the method, by judging the relation between the whole vehicle demand power and the battery allowable discharge power, under the condition that the whole vehicle power use and the battery safety are not affected, the heat management starting frequency is reduced to optimize the heat management energy consumption; heat management energy is fully utilized, the purpose of meeting the required power of the whole vehicle is achieved, unnecessary heat management can be effectively reduced, and heat management energy consumption is reduced.

The invention relates to a chip integrated heat dissipation system and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of heat dissipation of semiconductor devices. The chip integrated heat dissipation system comprises a nano-diamond transition layer attached to a chip. A micro-column array supporting layer is arranged on one side, far away from the chip, of the nano-diamond transition layer; the micro-column array supporting layer is in contact with one surface of the diamond film, and the other surface of the diamond film is attached to the three-dimensional micro-channel heat dissipation layer. The invention also provides a preparation method of the chip integrated heat dissipation system. The chip integrated heat dissipation system provided by the invention has the advantage of efficient heat dissipation, and through the combination of the three-dimensional structure and the high heat conduction characteristic of diamond, the heat dissipation power density is remarkably improved, the junction temperature of the chip is reduced, and the heat dissipation requirement of a high-power device is met. The heat dissipation performance reliability is high, the thermal stress is eliminated through the gradient structure design, the interlayer binding force is improved, and the stable performance is still kept after multiple thermal cycles. And the preparation process is good in compatibility and convenient for large-scale production.

The invention relates to the technical field of ceramics, and discloses an aluminum oxide ceramic glaze based on domestic waste ceramics, and a preparation method and application thereof. The aluminum oxide ceramic glaze comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 28-42 parts of domestic waste ceramic, 25-30 parts of kaolin, 6-12 parts of calcined talc, 3-7 parts of borax, 6-14 parts of aluminum oxide, 3-5 parts of zirconium oxide, 1-3 parts of lanthanum oxide and 3-6 parts of self-repairing particles. The self-repairing particles comprise mesoporous alumina doped with Si and Zr, and V2O5-B2O3-TeO2 series glass which is filled in pores of the mesoporous alumina and has a softening point of 200-300 DEG C. After the glaze is applied to the surface of the aluminum oxide ceramic to form a glaze layer, the insulativity of the aluminum oxide ceramic can be effectively improved, meanwhile, the high bonding stability between the glaze layer and the aluminum oxide ceramic can be achieved, and the problems that the insulativity is greatly reduced and the glaze layer cracks during heat circulation are solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of cables, and provides a high-temperature-resistant flame-retardant power cable and a preparation method thereof. A high-temperature-resistant flame-retardant power cable comprises a conductor and a high-temperature-resistant flame-retardant outer layer wrapping the conductor. The high-temperature-resistant flame-retardant outer layer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: linear low-density polyethylene, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene propylene diene monomer, chopped polyimide fibers, nano-coated magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, zinc stannate, polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride, an anti-aging agent, dicumyl peroxide, an antioxidant, polyethylene wax, calcium stearate and cerium dioxide. According to the cable prepared in the invention, the reliability of an existing high-temperature-resistant flame-retardant power cable under thermal cycle is improved, and the problem of local temperature resistance difference caused by agglomeration and high-temperature migration of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of oil and gas reservoir exploitation equipment, in particular to a compression type metal packer which is used for solving the problem that a high-temperature and high-pressure deep well rubber cylinder serving as a sealing element cannot meet operation requirements, and the compression type metal packer comprises a first connector and a second connector which are connected to the upper end and the lower end of a central pipe; a sealing mechanism is arranged in the middle of the central pipe and comprises a metal sealing cylinder, a sealing ring and a sealing ring; the upper sealing cone sleeves the central pipe and is arranged at the upper part of the metal sealing cylinder; the lower sealing cone sleeves the central pipe and is arranged at the lower part of the metal sealing cylinder; the metal sealing cylinder is made of nickel-titanium-based superelastic alloy; the metal sealing cylinder is made of nickel-titanium-based superelastic alloy, annealing treatment is conducted at the temperature of 650 DEG C, thermal circulation and mechanical training are conducted at the temperature above the phase change temperature, the stable mechanical performance is obtained, the ideal deformation rate can be obtained under the small load effect, the setting force and the unsetting force are reduced, and the metal sealing cylinder is suitable for high-temperature and high-pressure deep well operation.

The invention provides an LNG ship pipe fitting fatigue life modeling optimization method and system. The method comprises the steps that a fatigue life simulation model of a low-temperature pipe fitting is established; fatigue state constraint is applied to a fatigue damage structure in the fatigue life simulation model based on the load spectrum and the temperature spectrum at the monitoring node, and a damage constraint condition of the target low-temperature pipe fitting in a vibration state is obtained; determining the thermal fatigue loss of fatigue life simulation under different low-temperature thermal cycle loads according to the thermal fatigue damage and load spectrum characteristics of each connection part under different low-temperature thermal cycle loads; cost optimization is carried out on fatigue life control parameters of the fatigue life simulation model according to the damage constraint conditions and all the thermal fatigue losses, optimal cost parameters for fatigue life simulation under the thermal-vibration load working condition are obtained, and the local grid density of the fatigue life simulation model is adjusted based on the optimal cost parameters. By the adoption of the scheme, parameter cost optimization of the fatigue life simulation model of the LNG ship pipe fitting under the thermal-vibration load working condition can be achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of pipe truss tubular joint welding quality control, in particular to an assembly type pipe truss tubular joint butt-joint tensioning anti-deformation welding method and system which comprises the following steps that S1, an intersecting line is divided in the circumferential direction, and butt-joint references and deformation monitoring point positions of all partitions are calibrated; s2, circumferential distributed tensioning force application point positions are set; s3, a differential pre-tightening force gradient in the circumferential direction of the intersecting line is set, and pre-tensioning force is applied; s4, synchronous cooperation of tensioning actions and deformation control of all the to-be-welded nodes is carried out; s5, welding is conducted in a partitioned and segmented mode, and the pre-tensioning force of the partition corresponding to the intersecting line is dynamically adjusted in the welding process; and S6, after welding, the pre-tensioning force of each subarea is released, and node deformation checking and precision correction are synchronously completed after force release. According to the dynamic pre-tightening force adjusting method for partition differentiation pre-tightening force gradient distribution and welding thermal cycle time sequence matching, the residual stress peak value of the node core area is greatly reduced, and the welding quality and the structural safety of the tubular node are remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of power generation system transformation, in particular to an energy storage power generation system and method based on thermal power plant transformation. The Carnot battery unit comprises a liquid carbon dioxide storage tank, an electric heater, a compressor, a heat storage transducer heat flow channel and an expansion machine which are connected in sequence, and the liquid carbon dioxide storage tank adopts a boiler drum of a thermal power plant and stores liquid carbon dioxide liquefied by a water chilling unit of the thermal power plant; the heat storage circulating unit exchanges heat with a heat flow channel of the heat storage transducer to store heat; the steam power generation unit adopts a thermal power plant steam generator set and extracts heat stored by the heat storage circulation unit for steam power generation. The thermal power generating unit is transformed into the carbon dioxide Carnot battery energy storage system, the defect that a power grid is unstable in the process that a traditional thermal power plant is gradually converted into new energy is overcome, double stable output electric quantity is achieved, the system efficiency is improved, and meanwhile high economic benefits are achieved.

An electronic package provides a plurality of conductive posts having separable blocks and a first electronic component having a separable block, and a cladding layer wraps the first electronic component, the separable blocks and the conductive posts to expose the separable blocks out of a surface of the cladding layer, and then the separable blocks are removed to form a plurality of conductive posts having a plurality of separable blocks and a plurality of conductive posts having a plurality of separable blocks and a plurality of conductive posts having a plurality of separable blocks and a plurality of conductive posts having a plurality of separable blocks. And a plurality of conductive columns are arranged on the surface of the cladding layer so as to form a plurality of concave parts on the surface of the cladding layer, and the plurality of conductive columns and the first electronic element are exposed out of the concave parts, so that through the design of the concave parts, the contact area between a circuit part subsequently formed on the cladding layer and the cladding layer is increased, and the condition of delamination of the circuit part is avoided during thermal circulation.

The present disclosure provides a prediction method of electrochemical and mechanical performances of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) in a cold-hot cycle, and belongs to the technical field of SOFCs. In the present disclosure, a cold-hot cycle test is performed on SOFC pile, a polarization curve and an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are measured by an electrochemical workstation, and contributions of different electrode reaction processes to voltage attenuation are analyzed quantitatively; the mechanical performance (bending strength, elastic modulus and hardness) after different numbers of cold-hot cycle services is tested, and based on change of Ni particles, the electrochemical performance and the mechanical performance of the SOFC pile are quantitatively associated; an attenuation coupling relationship of the electrochemical performance and the mechanical performance of the SOFC pile is disclosed and an attenuation theory model of the electrochemical performance and the mechanical performance of the SOFC pile is built. In this way, a change law of the electrochemical performance and the mechanical performance of the SOFC pile after different numbers of cold-hot cycles and a cold-hot cycle service life of the SOFC pile can be accurately predicted, which is of great significance to improve the thermal shock resistance of the cold-hot cycles of the SOFC pile, so as to promote SOFC commercialization applications.

The invention provides a thermal cycle period customized thermal fatigue test method and equipment, the equipment comprises a rotation system, a heating unit, a cooling unit, a temperature detection probe, a temperature detector and a temperature controller, the temperature controller outputs signals to control the rotation system and a temperature adjusting system, thermal and cold circulation of a workpiece is realized, and the thermal fatigue test efficiency is improved. The temperature value of the sample in the whole cycle period is obtained through signal input of the temperature detector, the temperature controller compares the temperature fed back by the temperature detector with the set temperature, then the rotating system, the cooling unit and the heating unit are regulated and controlled and optimized continuously, and fitting of temperature waveforms is achieved. According to the equipment, through cooperative work of the temperature controller, the temperature adjusting system, the temperature detector and the rotating system, temperature control and rotating control on the sample placing platform are realized, so that the thermal fatigue test requirements of the same test material under various working conditions are met.

The invention relates to the technical field of molten salt, in particular to nitro binary molten salt and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing sodium carbonate and a potassium hydroxide solution, and then adding a starch-based grafted crystal inhibitor to inhibit crystallization; adding a nitric acid aqueous solution in two stages, and introducing eutectic seed crystals to guide nucleation at the end of the first stage; crystal distribution is optimized through falling film evaporation and concentration and setting of partial reflux; and after spraying granulation, carrying out short-time melting reforming and controlled cooling in an inert atmosphere. According to the method, the composition uniformity and the structural stability of the molten salt are remarkably improved, so that the product has a melting point close to a theoretical eutectic point, low supercooling degree, high melting latent heat and excellent thermal cycling stability and corrosion resistance, and is suitable for an industrial heat storage system running for a long time.

An electronic package and a manufacturing method thereof are provided, in which a plurality of conductive pillars with detachable blocks and a first electronic component with detachable blocks are provided, and the first electronic component, the plurality of detachable blocks and the plurality of conductive pillars are covered with an encapsulating layer, so that the plurality of detachable blocks are exposed from the surface of the encapsulating layer, and then the plurality of detachable blocks are removed to form a plurality of recesses on the surface of the encapsulating layer, so that the plurality of conductive pillars and the first electronic component are exposed from the recesses. Therefore, through the design of the recesses, the contact area between the circuit portion subsequently formed on the encapsulating layer and the encapsulating layer can be increased, thereby preventing from peeling of the circuit portion during thermal cycles.

The invention belongs to the technical field of flow batteries, and discloses a flexible graphite bipolar plate with a self-repairing function and a preparation method and application thereof. The flexible graphite bipolar plate comprises a flexible graphite-polymer composite matrix, microcapsules and a graphene conductive layer, wherein the graphene conductive layer is arranged on the surface of the flexible graphite-polymer composite matrix; the microcapsule is dispersed in the flexible graphite-polymer composite matrix, the core of the microcapsule is a liquid metal alloy, the liquid metal alloy contains Ga, and the shell of the microcapsule is polyurethane. The microcapsules containing the liquid metal alloy are introduced into the flexible graphite bipolar plate in situ, and when the flexible graphite bipolar plate generates microcracks due to mechanical stress, thermal cycle and the like, the internal microcapsules are broken at the first time to release the liquid metal and fill the cracks, so that the graphite bipolar plate still keeps relatively high mechanical strength and air tightness, and the service life of the flexible graphite bipolar plate is prolonged. Therefore, the conductive stability and the use durability of the flow battery are improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electronic packaging and welding materials, and relates to lead-free solder powder for reflow soldering and a preparation method of the lead-free solder powder. The lead-free solder powder is based on a Sn-Ag-Cu alloy system, and melt purification, beta-Sn grain refinement and interface IMC stabilization are achieved by compositely adding trace Ce and Ni elements. The Sn-Cu-Ce alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 2.9%-3.1% of Ag, 0.45%-0.55% of Cu, 0.01%-0.10% of Ce, 0.01%-0.05% of Ni and the balance of Sn and impurities. During preparation, a Ce-Ni intermediate alloy is adopted to introduce microalloy elements, and the spherical solder powder is obtained through vacuum melting, inert gas atomization and surface treatment. The obtained solder powder is low in oxygen content, good in wettability, slow in interface IMC growth after backflow, high in welding spot strength and excellent in thermal cycle reliability, and is suitable for the field of high-reliability electronic packaging.

The invention relates to a one-machine, three-device and four-working-medium full-effect power generation system technology for earth rock heat and other steam energy, in particular to a'gas-gas-steam-steam 'one-machine, three-device and four-cycle' micro-condensation cycle water feeder system, a double-water working medium heat exchanger system, a reverse Carnot cycle system and an earth rock heat output system which are matched with one another. A duplex reverse Carnot cycle system double-effect parallel medium two-direction progressive technological process, a single working medium through-flow structure and Rankine cycle uniform heat variable flow through-flow with'thermal unloading water and thermal loading water 'single working medium partition wall convection' micro-condensation heat regeneration and'main energy small flow steam and heated cycle huge running water 'double working medium partition wall convection heat exchange' are systematically created. The invention relates to a geothermal steam working medium independent heat exchange type output circulation, Rankine cycle power generation with two closed working media equal in heat and unequal in water through-flow, and a multi-system working principle that model selection is performed according to 6-20 times of through-flow and accumulation of small efficiency factors is equal to efficiency is combined, and a one-machine, three-device and four-cycle full-effect power generation system of general steam turbine distribution system full-efficiency power generation is included.

The method comprises the following steps: preparing an epoxy sample with a bidirectional strain gauge, carrying out multi-stage thermal cycle treatment on the epoxy sample, and recording strain data to determine an optimal treatment parameter combination, namely temperature, heat preservation time, cooling rate and cycle index; carrying out stress reduction treatment on the epoxy composite insulator based on the optimal treatment parameter combination; the device comprises a programmable oven, a strain gauge and an upper computer. The method is easy and convenient to operate and low in cost, through multi-scale collaborative optimization, the residual stress of the current commercial epoxy composite insulating part can be remarkably reduced, the reliability of the epoxy composite insulating part for the ultra / extra-high voltage power equipment is remarkably improved, and the method has wide engineering application prospects.

The invention relates to the technical field of automatic control, in particular to a medium-high voltage power cable load thermal cycle automatic control method and system. According to the method, data preprocessing is performed based on acquired temperature field information data; performing feature extraction and feature fusion on the preprocessed data; carrying out thermal characteristic modeling based on the fused characteristics to obtain a hierarchical cascade prediction model; performing hierarchical cascade prediction model optimization by utilizing model prediction control MPC; performing adaptive parameter setting by using the optimized hierarchical cascade prediction model; and obtaining a final control signal based on parameter setting. According to the method, temperature changes of key parts of the cable are accurately captured through physical field oriented sensor layout and dynamic frequency response sampling, noise is effectively removed and data features are mined in combination with a multi-scale signal decomposition and physical-data fusion feature extraction technology, and accurate input is provided for a prediction model.

The invention discloses a device and a method for testing the service life of a welding spot under a thermal-electric-vibration coupling load. The device comprises a thermal cycle device, a vibration device, a computer, a data acquisition instrument and a direct-current power supply. The thermal circulation device is fixed above a vibration table of the vibration device, threaded holes are formed in the vibration table, a circuit board can be fixed on the vibration table through screws, and thermal vibration coupling loading is achieved; a stable power supply is provided for welding spots on a circuit board through a direct-current power supply, so that heat-electricity-vibration coupling loading is realized; the welding spots are connected through the daisy chain, the resistance value of the welding spots is obtained through the data acquisition instrument, the computer is used for monitoring the resistance value, and an alarm value can be set, so that the service life of the welding spots is tested.

The invention provides a test method for evaluating thermal cycle failure of a silver sintering interconnection structure. The test method comprises the following steps: constructing a silver sintering acceleration function and designing acceleration parameters; setting up an acceleration test device; characterizing the sintered sample to be detected; carrying out an accelerated thermal shock experiment on the to-be-tested sintered sample; judging whether the to-be-tested sintered sample subjected to the accelerated thermal shock test is invalid, if so, performing the next step, and if not, returning to the previous step; and characterizing the failed sintering sample to be detected. The method and the device are simple and easy to implement, the number of thermal cycles is shortened on the basis that the thermal failure of the silver sintering interconnection product can be reflected, the thermal reliability of the product can be evaluated within one day, and the failure life of the product can be predicted.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sealants, and particularly relates to a heat-conducting flame-retardant sealant for a power battery and a preparation method thereof.The heat-conducting flame-retardant sealant for the power battery is prepared through collaborative design of a composite heat-conducting filler and a polyglutamic acid-melamine cyanurate-calcium hydrophosphate composite flame retardant and combination of magnetic field dispersion, ultrasonic blending and silane coupling agent interface optimization technologies; the heat-conducting and flame-retardant properties of the material are obviously improved. A lithium silicate glass ceramic precursor is subjected to surface modification through phosphorus oxychloride, the combination of a reinforcing filler and a matrix is enhanced, a flexible cross-linked network is constructed by amino-terminated polyether and an isocyanate curing agent, and the mechanical strength and thermal stability are guaranteed. The sealant inhibits combustion propagation and reduces toxic gas release through a multi-stage reaction mechanism during thermal runaway, meanwhile, the sealant adapts to high-frequency vibration and thermal cycle working conditions of a battery module, and the preparation process realizes synergistic enhancement of heat conduction and flame retardance through gradient stirring, vacuum defoaming and filler uniform dispersion technologies.

A method and system for modulating vapor and liquid fractions of a cycling liquid-vapor fluid operating within its phase transition envelope by creating forced oscillating heat transfer between liquid and vapor fractions of the cycling stream. A liquid stream segment is expansion cooled and brought into thermal communication with a vapor stream segment. The contact with the expansion-cooled liquid enables intermolecular forces to drive condensation and release condensation heat at a condensation temperature higher than the temperature of the expansion-cooled stream segment. The resulting temperature gradient enables the expansion-cooled segment held at constant volume to capture the condensation heat and isochorically vaporize into a vapor stream segment that again is forced to condense so as to form an oscillating thermal cycle within the cycling liquid-vapor fluid.

Provided are methods and structures for keeping the integrity of layers deposited on a semiconductor wafer through a thermal cycle. Deposition of a second backside layer, or a cap, with an internal stress opposite to a first backside layer may be used to reduce bow shift of a wafer during a thermal cycle. The first backside layer may have a tensile internal stress or a compressive internal stress. The second backside layer has an internal stress opposite to the first backside layer. Each of the backside layers may be deposited by a backside deposition apparatus.

The invention discloses a pulse detonation attitude control engine system which comprises an ignition detonation straight pipe and at least one S-shaped attitude control pipe. The ignition detonating straight pipe comprises an ignition section and an obstacle detonating section which are sequentially arranged in the axial direction; wherein an explosion promotion barrier is arranged in the barrier explosion initiation section; each S-shaped attitude control tube comprises a branch tube and two bent push tubes; the center of the branch pipe is vertically arranged at the tail end of the obstacle detonating section and is communicated with the obstacle detonating section through a valve; the two bent push pipes are symmetrically arranged relative to the center of the branch pipe to form an S shape; each bent push pipe comprises a bent pipe section and an exhaust nozzle section, and the two ends of each bent pipe section are connected with the corresponding branch pipe and the corresponding exhaust nozzle section respectively. According to the invention, the advantages of high-efficiency combustion and high-precision adjustable pulse thrust of the pulse detonation engine can be played as far as possible while the microminiaturization of the attitude control engine is met, the thermodynamic cycle theory can be improved by more than 20% compared with common chemical propulsion, and the on-orbit life of a spacecraft is effectively prolonged.

A system for geothermal heating comprising: a forced geothermal circuit in communication with a well bore; a well bore heat exchanger; a multilateral channel; a channel casing design; and a pump. A method for geothermal heating comprising: passing a fluid into a thermal circulation system; passing the fluid into a well bore heat exchanger; heating the fluid; passing the heated fluid through a multilateral channel comprising a multilateral channel design casing; and passing a reservoir fluid and the fluid into a heat exchanger. A method for a loop recovery process comprising: passing a circulation fluid into a system for geothermal heating; passing the circulation fluid into a well bore heat exchanger; heating the circulation fluid; passing the heated circulation fluid out of the system for geothermal heating; passing the heated circulation fluid through a heat exchanger of an organic Rankine cycle; and cooling the circulation fluid.