The invention discloses a train wheel diameter auto-calibration system based on precise ranging, comprising a positioning module, a map matching module, a data recording module, a communication module, a map database and a master processor, wherein the map database is used for storing related information of train operation lines, a TW-TOF (two way-time of flight) ranging module activates Kalman filtering according to an estimated value of a ranging error range provided, non-precise values are filtered via a warning function, the master processor is electrically connected with the TW-TOF ranging module, the positioning module, the map matching module, the data recording module, and the communication module, and the map database is stored in the master processor. The system according to theinvention has the advantages that locomotive wheels are automatically calibrated through the satellite positioning technique and the TW-TOF ranging module, assistance from ground equipment is not required, and accordingly, train positioning errors are fewer, train positioning precision is improved at the premise of reduced maintenance cost and train operation safety is ensured.