The invention provides an excavator one-key start control device and method. The control device comprises a master controller, a guide handle, a guide pedal, an electronic monitor, a fingerprint identification module, a GPS controller, a GPS management platform, a mobile communication platform, a mobile phone client side, a one-key start module, a start relay, a guide safety handle, an engine controller and an emergency stop switch. A start key conventionally adopted in the prior art is saved through simplification, auxiliary start devices such as radio frequency are not needed, the inconvenience factor caused by the fact that a user forgets to carry an induction device is avoided, meanwhile, a one-vehicle one-key purpose is convenient to achieve, authorization control of a start system can be guaranteed under the condition that the one-vehicle one-key condition is guaranteed, start and operation authority management of excavator equipment can be achieved through combination with the latest fingerprint identification technology, the safety management level of a machine is improved, potential safety hazards generated by non-active control such as a secondary start and a mistaken stall are effectively prevented, and the operability and safety of the machine are effectively improved.