The invention relates to a transformer zero sequence differential protection self-checking system and a transformer zero sequence differential protection self-checking method. The transformer zero sequence differential protection self-checking system comprises a first current transformer module, a zero-sequence current transformer module, a second current transformer module, a signal conditioningmodule, a signal processing module, a power module and a display and input module, wherein secondary current signal output ends of the first current transformer module, the zero-sequence current transformer module and the second current transformer module are connected to an input end of the signal conditioning module separately, an output end of the signal conditioning module is connected to an analog quantity sampling input port of the signal processing module, a communication port of the signal processing module is connected with a communication end of the display and input module, and thepower module supplies power to the signal conditioning module, the signal processing module and the display and input module respectively. The transformer zero sequence differential protection self-checking system and the transformer zero sequence differential protection self-checking method improve the zero sequence differential polarity verification efficiency, improve the operation reliabilityof zero sequence differential protection, prevent maloperation accidents after transformer zero sequence differential operation, and reduce the operation cost; and the transformer zero sequence differential protection self-checking method is simple in operation and is convenient and practical.