The invention particularly discloses a compensation method of a steel ball surface detect measuring system based on optical fiber sensing. The compensation method of the steel ball surface detect measuring system based on optical fiber sensing comprises the following steps: step 1, for a sensor structure that a single optical fiber transmits scattered light and a plurality of groups of optical fibers receive scattered light, measuring by an optical power meter so as to obtain detection incidence power P0 and corresponding light power P1, P2,..., and Pn received by multiple groups of optical fibers; step 2, collecting data of the light power P1, P2,..., and Pn which are obtained in the step 1 by a multi-path high-speed synchronous data collecting plate, thereby obtaining digital signals with N light intensity; summing the N groups of light intensity so as to obtain P=P1+P2+P3+...+Pn; step 3, carrying out division operation on the P, P1, P2, ..., and PN which are obtained from the step 2, that is, dividing multiple groups of received light intensity by each group of received light intensity so as to obtain specific values P / P1, P / P2, ..., and P / P(n-1), thereby obtaining the light intensity specific values when the sensor and a measured surface are oblique at different angles; step 4, establishing a function of a clearance varying along with the specific value; step 5, determining the coefficients a0, a1, a2, ..., and a(n-1); and step 6, substituting the coefficient values from the step 5 into the formula (1), thereby obtaining the accurate gap value.