The invention relates to a single-trial electroencephalogram P300 component detection method based on the folding HDCA algorithm. A testee is made to watch a series of RSVP image sequences, the electroencephalogram signals of the testee are acquired, the electroencephalogram signals corresponding to all images are divided into a plurality of time windows, multi-lead signals in one time window and f time windows before the time winder form a group of new lead signals, space weight computing and time weigh computing are conducted to obtain an interest score, the interest score is compared with a set threshold value, a target image is judged, and a target image result is output. By correlating the electroencephalogram signals of the testee at the current moment with electroencephalogram signals at previous moments, the dimension of multi-lead electroencephalogram signals is reduced to one, the influences caused by the change of the incubation period and peak value of the P300 component along with the physiological status of the testee, target probability and target meaning in actual use are effectively reduced, the electroencephalogram P300 component is effectively extracted, and then the target image is determined.