The invention discloses an optical and thermal infrared multi-stage imaging detection method and device for defects of a transparent component, and the method comprises the following steps: carrying out the optical imaging of a 3C transparent component, obtaining an optical image, and preliminarily judging the position and size of the defects of the 3C transparent component; using nitrogen to heatthe defect position of the 3C transparent component, carrying out thermal infrared imaging, and obtaining a thermal infrared image; and fusing the optical image and the thermal infrared image, and then recognizing the defect type of the 3C transparent component through deep learning. The device comprises an optical detection module, a thermal infrared detection module, a motion control module, adata fusion module, a deep learning module, an auxiliary manipulator and a display alarm module which are in communication connection with one another through a bus. Through optical imaging and thermal infrared ultrasonic imaging, multi-physical-quantity and multi-stage detection is carried out on a defective product, and then optical and infrared multi-source information fusion is completed through the convolutional neural network, so that the identification rate of defect detection of the 3C transparent component is improved.