The invention discloses an indoor positioning and navigating method of a robot. The indoor positioning and navigating method comprises a robot body, a left driving wheel, a right driving wheel, a fixed-type single-point laser ranging module, a laser ranging line, an obstacle, a robot circle center, a monocular camera, a gyroscope module and an MCU control module, and the left driving wheel and theright driving wheel which are mutually symmetrically distributed are arranged at the bottom of the robot body and at the two ends of the robot circle center. A fixed-type single-point laser ranging module is adopted, and can be mounted at any position such as front, back, left and right in the horizontal direction of the robot, the aim of 360-degree scanning obstacles to establish a map can be achieved through rotation of the robot, the effect is equivalent to 360-degree rotation of laser radars, the monocular camera is combined to achieve indoor building and positioning functions. The schemeis easier to install because no rotating mechanism exists, a motor is not required to control the fixed-type single-point laser ranging module to rotate, so that the fixed single-point laser rangingmodule is longer in service life and lower in cost.