1685 results about "Analog to digital conversion" patented technology

The invention discloses a multi-dimensional information integrated transformer health state monitoring method, which relates to the technical field of power systems, and comprises the following steps: deploying a multi-source sensor, collecting various signals of a transformer, and carrying out signal conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion on analog signals collected by the sensor; performing timestamp alignment on the received multi-source heterogeneous data, and eliminating data noise by adopting a filtering algorithm; key features which are sensitive to the health state of the transformer and complement each other are selected from the extracted feature values to form a health state evaluation index set; setting a sliding time window, obtaining historical data in the window, performing normalization processing on the data, calculating the information entropy and the variation coefficient of each index, and fusing the information entropy and the variation coefficient to obtain the dynamic weight of each index; obtaining a health state index of the transformer according to the normalized value and the dynamic weight; and displaying the health state index and the change trend thereof in real time, and setting an early warning threshold value and an alarm threshold value of the health state index.

The invention relates to the technical field of gas detection, in particular to a multi-gas accurate detection method and system.The method comprises the following steps that gas to be detected flows through a miniature gas enrichment device prepared through an MEMS technology under driving of a miniature gas pump, and target gas is adsorbed and enriched through graphene and metal oxide composite sensitive materials on the surface of a spiral gas inlet flow channel in the miniature gas enrichment device; the desorption concentrated gas is heated to the multi-gas composite detector, and the sensor array reacts with the gas to generate an electric signal; the data acquisition unit performs noise reduction, amplification and analog-to-digital conversion preprocessing on the electric signal; the data processing unit extracts characteristic vectors such as a response curve peak value and a rising slope; inputting the feature vector into a pre-trained machine learning classification-regression combined model, and outputting a gas type identifier and an initial concentration; error compensation is carried out in combination with environment temperature and humidity and a cross sensitivity interference mode library, and finally accurate information of at least nine gases is output. The device has the advantages of high sensitivity, strong anti-interference performance and miniaturization.

The invention discloses a high-precision pressure sensing and self-calibration system, and relates to the technical field of pressure sensing, the system comprises a pressure sensing module, an environment monitoring module, a data processing module, a digital twinning module and a self-calibration module, the pressure sensing module collects and converts pressure signals through a high-precision sensor, and the environment monitoring module obtains environment parameters in real time; the data processing module carries out amplification, filtering, analog-to-digital conversion and timely frequency domain analysis on the initial electric signal, and outputs preprocessed data in combination with environmental parameter dynamic compensation. The digital twin module constructs a sensor virtual model, and simulates and outputs an ideal pressure predicted value; and the self-calibration module compares the predicted value with the preprocessed data, generates a final pressure value through deviation calculation, iterative learning and data fusion, and can also calculate the health index of the sensor and perform early warning maintenance. The system realizes high-precision pressure induction and real-time self-calibration, improves the measurement accuracy and prolongs the service life of the sensor.

The invention discloses an electric power data acquisition method and equipment based on a logarithmic amplifier and a medium, and relates to the technical field of electric power monitoring signal processing, and the method comprises the steps: collecting an original analog current signal on an electric power circuit and an analog temperature signal of an environment where the logarithmic amplifier is located, and generating a mixed observation vector; based on the mixed observation vector, calculating an estimated value of a temperature characteristic correction parameter in real time through a pre-stored temperature-parameter mapping relation, and performing logarithmic compression on the original current digital signal sequence by using the estimated value of the temperature characteristic correction parameter to obtain a compressed voltage signal subjected to temperature compensation; and performing high-speed analog-to-digital conversion on the compressed voltage signal subjected to temperature compensation to obtain a discrete digital signal sequence, and storing the discrete digital signal sequence into a priority cache region. According to the invention, the data volume is effectively compressed by using the correlation between the signals, and the transmission bandwidth and the storage demand are reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of data analysis and control, in particular to a hydraulic climbing frame safety control method based on digital monitoring, which comprises the following steps: acquiring monitoring data in real time through a sensor group arranged on a hydraulic climbing frame, preprocessing and analog-to-digital conversion are carried out on the monitoring data, then the data are formed and sent to a remote monitoring center through a wireless transmission technology, and the preprocessed monitoring data are input into a pre-stored structure safety evaluation model and a hydraulic system performance evaluation model so as to be analyzed in real time; analyzing the hydraulic climbing frame, judging a safety characterization state of the hydraulic climbing frame according to an analysis result, determining a safety risk type based on an abnormal state of the hydraulic climbing frame, sending early warning information through a user interaction platform when a risk is judged to exist, and executing a corresponding safety control instruction; automatic real-time monitoring, intelligent early warning and active control of the safety state of the hydraulic climbing frame are achieved, and construction safety and operation reliability are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a hydraulic power plant equipment full life cycle health management system and method based on the Internet of Things, and relates to the technical field of hydraulic power plant equipment management, and the method comprises the steps: collecting operation parameters through a sensor network disposed on various types of equipment of a hydraulic power plant, and forming a data sequence after time synchronization and analog-to-digital conversion; the data sequence is subjected to noise reduction processing at the edge computing node, whether an abnormal state exists or not is judged on the basis of the data analyzed and processed by the lightweight anomaly detection model, the data is graded and marked according to a judgment result, and only statistical characteristics of abnormal data or non-abnormal data marked as high priorities are uploaded to a cloud data center; and the cloud data center identifies the type of the equipment component according to the uploaded data, calls the corresponding physical degradation evolution model, dynamically calculates the degradation degree of each component in combination with the real-time operation state, determines the weight relationship of each degradation dimension according to the service stage of the equipment, and generates a comprehensive health index.

The invention relates to the technical field of bio-electricity signal acquisition, and particularly discloses a multi-channel bio-electricity signal acquisition system and a multi-channel bio-electricity signal acquisition method.The multi-channel bio-electricity signal acquisition system comprises a bio-electricity signal acquisition unit and a data processing unit; the data processing unit is used for compensating the original electrophysiological signals according to the real-time impedance value transmitted by the analog-to-digital conversion unit, performing primary screening on the original bio-electricity signals through the lowest quality threshold value, and performing primary compensation on the original bio-electricity signals according to the real-time impedance value, the standard impedance value and the breathing phase; according to the method, more flexible quality requirement setting is realized, the quality threshold setting difficulty is reduced, secondary screening is performed on the corrected bio-electricity signals through the highest quality threshold, and secondary compensation is performed on the corrected bio-electricity signals by adopting the LSTM network, so that the influence of bio-impedance fluctuation on the bio-electricity signals is reduced, and the quality of the bio-electricity signals is improved. And the acquisition quality and stability of the bio-electricity signals are improved.

A high-linearity grid voltage bootstrap circuit relates to the technical field of analog-to-digital conversion and comprises a first charge pump boosting unit, a second charge pump boosting unit and a grid voltage bootstrap unit, working states of a sampling switch are divided into a sampling state and a holding state, an input voltage VIN is boosted to a VG through the grid voltage bootstrap unit in a sampling stage, and the sampling switch is switched on; and the holding stage sampling switch is cut off, and charges are injected to the upper polar plates of the capacitors C3 and C4 of the gate voltage bootstrap unit through the first charge pump boosting unit and the second charge pump boosting unit respectively. According to the invention, the problem that the actual gate-source voltage is reduced due to the grid parasitic capacitance of the sampling switch is solved, and the layout area occupation is greatly reduced while the bootstrap voltage is improved; the proportion of the capacitor C3 and the capacitor C4 can be flexibly set to obtain the required bootstrap voltage; and the problem that the on-resistance of the sampling switch is increased due to the reduction of the gate-source voltage can be solved, and the linearity of the sampling switch is improved.

The invention discloses a partial discharge signal denoising method based on STFT-SVD and Bayesian kurtosis threshold adaptive optimization, and the method comprises the steps: collecting an analog signal outputted by a high-frequency current transformer, carrying out the analog-to-digital conversion, obtaining a one-dimensional time domain signal sequence, carrying out the DC component removal and amplitude normalization of the signal, and obtaining a preprocessing time domain signal; performing short-time Fourier transform on the preprocessed time-domain signal to obtain a time-frequency spectrum, suppressing low-amplitude noise by adopting a soft mask method, and retaining main characteristics of partial discharge pulses; performing singular value decomposition on the time-frequency spectrum after soft masking, automatically selecting a principal component number according to a principal component, and adaptively reserving a main signal component to obtain a principal component spectrum; and performing inverse short-time Fourier transform on the principal component atlas to reconstruct a time domain signal, adaptively selecting a kurtosis threshold in combination with a Bayesian optimization algorithm, and outputting a denoised time domain signal.

The present application discloses a computing-in-memory circuit, chip and electronic device, wherein the computing-in-memory circuit comprises: a resistive random access memory array, a clamping circuit, a current mirror and an analog-to-digital conversion circuit; the clamping circuit is connected between a signal input terminal and the resistive random access memory array, configured to input clamping voltage signal to the N resistive random access memories selected of the resistive random access memory array, wherein N is an integer and N≥2; the current mirror is connected between the resistive random access memory array and the analog-to-digital conversion circuit, configured to output convergence current to the analog-to-digital conversion circuit based on the N-way currents output from the N resistive random access memories selected; the analog-to-digital conversion circuit configured to convert the convergence current to a digital signal.

The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental monitoring, and particularly relates to a range adaptive detection method and system based on light source and gain cooperative adjustment. The method comprises the following steps: setting a detection system to be in a small-range working state; signal acquisition is carried out, and a signal value after analog-to-digital conversion is obtained; judging whether the signal value reaches a saturation threshold value or not; determining a combination of new light source intensity and new sensor gain according to a pre-stored calibration parameter table; adjusting the light source intensity of the detection system to Inew, and adjusting the sensor gain to Gnew; after adjustment, new signal acquisition and conversion are carried out to obtain a new signal value, a pre-stored calibration parameter table is inquired to obtain a corresponding compensation coefficient based on the currently used combination of Inew and Gnew, and a compensated real concentration value is calculated and output. According to the invention, the core contradiction that the measurement precision and the measuring range are difficult to consider in a wide concentration range in the traditional fixed-measuring-range detection technology is fundamentally solved.

The invention provides a portable fire blast risk dynamic identification and danger tracing method and terminal, and the method comprises the steps: collecting positioning data in real time through a GNSS positioning module; a high-speed analog-to-digital conversion chip ADC is used for carrying out high-frequency and synchronous processing on the gas concentration collected in real time; collecting field environment parameters in real time; performing dynamic threshold intelligent judgment to obtain a leakage judgment result, and executing a grading early warning mechanism; recording an inspection track in real time, and carrying out space gas concentration gradient analysis to obtain a gas concentration gradient; calculating a built-in space distance; judging the leakage direction according to the gas concentration gradient data, and intelligently tracing the leakage source according to the leakage judgment result; and uploading the security data to the cloud. According to the invention, the limitation of static and single-threshold alarm of an instrument is solved, and the technical problems of difficulty in spatial continuous sensing and automatic tracing positioning of gas leakage abnormity in a complex inspection environment with dynamic changes of multi-component combustible gas and environmental parameters are solved.

The invention is suitable for the technical field of semiconductor testing, and provides a data acquisition method and device based on a DDIC chip, and testing equipment, and the data acquisition method comprises the steps: receiving a test pattern, controlling the DDIC chip to output a corresponding gray scale voltage signal, and achieving the comprehensive testing of the response capability of the chip in a full gray scale range; secondly, a target acquisition link composed of functional units including impedance conversion, single-ended to differential conversion, programmable gain amplification, filtering, analog-to-digital conversion and the like is utilized, so that the signal driving capability and the anti-interference capability are effectively improved, meanwhile, high-frequency noise and nonlinear distortion are reduced, and the basic quality of sampled data is guaranteed; on the basis, sampling optimization processing is carried out on the sampling data based on the FPGA unit, and the data stability is improved. According to the scheme, through high-precision transmission of the signal link, the data acquisition precision of the DDIC chip is improved, and then the technical requirements of high-precision DDIC chip testing are met.

The invention relates to the technical field of Ethernet communication and digital information transmission, and discloses an Ethernet-based time synchronization acquisition method, device and equipment and a medium, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining initial network time based on a network time protocol and a precise time protocol; recovering the synchronous clock signal from the Ethernet physical layer signal and generating a trigger pulse signal aligned with a second boundary to generate second-level reference time; the trigger pulse signal and the synchronous clock signal are used for executing high-frequency counting accumulation to generate nanosecond-level fine time; performing frequency division processing on the synchronous clock signal based on the sampling rate configuration parameter to obtain a sampling driving clock; the analog-to-digital conversion unit is triggered at the effective jump edge of the sampling driving clock to sample and latch nanosecond-level fine time to generate a sampling timestamp, and the sampling timestamp is output in combination with sampling data. According to the method, time recovery, time refinement and sampling time locking are realized through a unified time base, so that sampling action and time counting are accurately aligned, and the data synchronization precision and consistency of distributed acquisition nodes are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of earthquake and acoustic exploration, and discloses a signal acquisition and transmission method, device, equipment and medium based on a main control unit, and the method comprises the steps: generating a sampling clock signal and a time counting signal, driving an analog-to-digital conversion unit to obtain a digital acquisition signal, and reading equipment state parameters; after the timestamp is added, the digital signal is stored in the first cache unit, the state data after the timestamp is added is stored in the second cache unit, the data signal cache unit is written into a first FLASH partition after being full, and the state data cache unit is written into a second FLASH partition after being full. And after data is read from the FLASH, differential signals are output through the multi-wire parallel interface, the logic processing unit and the serialization unit. According to the invention, power consumption is reduced through unified power management and optimization of clock control and a dormancy mechanism, and transmission bandwidth is improved in combination with high-speed differential output, so that both low power consumption and high efficiency are realized.

The invention provides a hand rehabilitation training glove and system based on electromyographic signal guidance and pressure feedback, and the glove comprises a flexible glove main body which is made of an elastic material, is designed to fit the anatomical structure of a human hand, and is used for collecting bioelectrical signals generated by the remaining hand and forearm muscles of a patient when the patient actively intends to generate power; the embedded signal processing module is used for carrying out amplification, filtering, noise reduction and analog-to-digital conversion processing on the collected original electromyographic signals; and the main control unit is used for calculating time domain and frequency domain characteristic values of the electromyographic signals and identifying the motion intention of the patient based on a preset threshold value or an adaptive algorithm. Weak electromyographic signals are collected and processed in a high-precision mode and immediately converted into local touch pressure feedback corresponding to the functions of the weak electromyographic signals, neural pathway connection between the cerebral cortex and target muscles is enhanced, training interestingness and immersion and compliance of a patient are remarkably improved, and the training effect is improved. And key power is provided for continuous long-term rehabilitation training.

The invention discloses an electrostatic protection circuit and method, equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of electrostatic protection, and the circuit comprises a metal sheet connecting plug, an electrostatic discharge circuit, an electrostatic sampling circuit and a microcontroller; the metal sheet connecting plug is electrically connected with the metal sheet, the electrostatic discharge circuit and the electrostatic sampling circuit respectively; the electrostatic sampling circuit comprises a voltage division circuit and a conditioning circuit, and the voltage division circuit is electrically connected with the metal sheet connecting plug and the conditioning circuit; and the microcontroller is in communication connection with the electrostatic sampling circuit and the electrostatic discharge circuit and is used for performing analog-to-digital conversion on the output voltage of the conditioning circuit to obtain electrostatic voltage and controlling the electrostatic discharge circuit to be switched on or switched off. The static voltage of the operator can be acquired in real time through the microcontroller so as to accurately judge whether the static discharge of the current operator is in place or not, so that the condition of hot-line operation of corresponding equipment when the static discharge is insufficient is reduced, and the accuracy and reliability of the static discharge are improved.

The invention discloses a gesture recognition method and system based on an active acoustic sensing field, and the method comprises the steps: transmitting a frequency modulation continuous wave through a loudspeaker on head-mounted equipment, and receiving an echo signal reflected by the hand of a wearer through a microphone on the head-mounted equipment; performing frequency mixing, low-pass filtering and analog-to-digital conversion on the echo signal to obtain a digital baseband signal; performing range correction and noise reduction processing on the digital baseband signal to obtain a hand echo signal; inputting a hand echo signal into the multi-scale time sequence encoder, and capturing long time sequence dependence to obtain multi-scale spatial-temporal characteristics; performing trajectory tracking on the multi-scale spatial-temporal features by the hand key point regression branches to obtain hand key point features; inputting the hand key point features and the multi-scale spatial-temporal features into the gesture recognition branch to obtain a gesture recognition result; according to the method, multipath interference and spatial fuzziness in the acoustic sensing process can be overcome, and high-precision and fine-grained gesture recognition is realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of data processing, and discloses an integrated reconnaissance interference method and system based on a transmit-receive cancellation technology, and the method comprises the steps: receiving a mixed signal containing a target radar signal and a leakage interference signal through a receiving channel, and obtaining a first digital signal after down-conversion and analog-to-digital conversion, the leakage interference signal is a signal leaked from the transmitting channel to the receiving channel; acquiring a second digital signal corresponding to an interference signal generated in the transmitting channel, and transmitting the interference signal through an antenna after digital-to-analog conversion and up-conversion; taking the second digital signal as a reference signal, performing adaptive cancellation processing on the first digital signal through an adaptive filter to suppress a leakage interference signal component in the first digital signal, and generating a cancelled signal; wherein in the adaptive cancellation processing process, the digital processing unit adaptively updates the cancellation filtering weight of the adaptive filter according to the reference signal and the cancelled signal.

An on-line program control excitation power supply with quench protection for a high-temperature superconducting magnet comprises a single-chip microcomputer for receiving control data, outputting control voltage through digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) of the single-chip microcomputer, and magnetizing a magnet coil through current stepping; a sampling signal is output to the liquid crystal screen to display corresponding voltage and current values in real time after being processed by the single-chip microcomputer analog-to-digital conversion ADC; voltage signals at the two ends of the magnet coil are sampled and returned to the single-chip microcomputer to be processed, when high voltage occurs, it is judged that the voltage signals are abnormal voltage signals, quench protection is carried out, the single-chip microcomputer outputs control signals to cut off connection between the magnet coil and the excitation power source, and residual energy of the magnet coil is released through the high-power thyristor. The provided excitation power supply has the characteristics of high power, high stability, good repeatability and good linearity; performing numerical control stepping output, gradually applying current to the superconducting coil, and slowly establishing a magnetic field; effective quench protection is achieved, and it is guaranteed that a magnet coil is not damaged by quench.

The invention discloses an SF6 gas density measurement and error compensation system based on dynamic segmented calibration, and relates to the technical field of gas pressure and density measurement, the SF6 gas density measurement and error compensation system comprises a gas pressure sampling module used for amplifying weak analog signals output by a pressure sensor and completing analog-to-digital conversion to obtain digital sampling data used for pressure calculation; the gas density calculation module is used for establishing a density solving model based on a preset physical state equation and outputting a gas density calculation value; and the gas density calibration module is used for carrying out segmented calibration on a pressure interval corresponding to a density calculation value by taking a preset reference pressure point as a reference and outputting a calibrated density measurement result. The invention provides a method for carrying out high-precision sampling and amplification on a weak signal, and solving the density based on rapid iteration of a Betti-Bridgman equation; the invention relates to an SF6 gas density high-precision measuring system which is linked with three systems and is dynamically segmented and asymmetrically calibrated by taking 0.5 MPa as a benchmark.

The invention belongs to the technical field of circuit devices or systems for power supply or power distribution, and provides an energy storage coordination control method, a coordination controller and an energy storage coordination control system.The working condition of an energy storage system is judged according to an input signal, the total power fluctuation amplitude of an energy storage converter, the power grid voltage fluctuation amplitude and a power grid frequency error; the sampling frequency of analog-to-digital conversion in the direct-current small signal acquisition module and the alternating-current analog quantity acquisition module is switched according to the working condition, so that'dynamic sampling frequency adjustment based on the working condition 'can be realized, the compatibility of sampling at the frequency of more than 100KHz can be kept, the power consumption can be reduced in a steady state, the fault identification precision can be improved in a transient state, and the fault identification efficiency can be improved. The balance between the sampling efficiency and processor resource occupation is considered, and the operation requirement of a high-capacity energy storage system is met.

The invention discloses a static flying spot scanning method based on a flying focus point x-ray source, and belongs to the technical field of x-ray scanning, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, providing a flying focus point x-ray source; s2, providing a static restraint device; s3, controlling the focus of the flying focus x-ray source to move or switch according to a preset scanning mode, so that x-rays irradiate the scanned object point by point through a hole groove or a spiral gap in the static constraint device, and performing flying spot scanning on the scanned object; and S4, collecting a scattering x-ray signal of the scanned object by using a detector, converting the scattering x-ray signal into an electric signal, carrying out analog-to-digital conversion, and carrying out signal processing to generate a scanning image. According to the static flying spot scanning method based on the flying focus point x-ray source, a traditional combination of a fixed focus point and a high-speed mechanical device is replaced by the combination of the electrically-controlled x-ray source capable of changing the focus point and the static constraint device, and the scanning performance is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of amplifiers, and discloses an analog-to-digital converter combination instrument amplifier which comprises a first-stage amplifier, the first-stage amplifier is in signal connection with a second-stage amplifier, the second-stage amplifier is in signal connection with a front-end low-pass filter (LPF), the front-end low-pass filter (LPF) is in signal connection with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is in signal connection with the analog-to-digital converter. And an unbalanced input-to-balanced differential circuit output module is arranged between the second-stage amplifier signal and a front-end low-pass filter (LPF). From the perspective of signal processing and conversion, a precise signal transition bridge is constructed by adding an unbalanced input-to-balanced differential circuit output module, unbalanced signals output by a second-stage amplifier are converted into double-end balanced differential signals, common-mode noise interference is effectively resisted through a differential transmission mode, the signal purity is guaranteed, and the signal quality is improved. The front-end low-pass filter and the analog-to-digital converter are adaptive to differential signals, so that the signal transmission is stable and anti-interference, and the analog-to-digital conversion is more accurate.

The invention relates to the technical field of motor test equipment, in particular to a multifunctional motor test operation system and method, and the method comprises the steps: a parameter detection module synchronously collects voltage, current, frequency, temperature, vibration, insulation resistance and DC resistance parameters, and converts the parameters into electric signals; the data processing module carries out amplification, filtering and analog-to-digital conversion on the electric signal to obtain a measured value; the storage module stores the measured value; and the report generation module automatically generates a test run report containing parameter analysis and qualification conclusions through a preset template based on the stored value. The parameter detection module synchronously collects various parameters and converts the parameters into electric signals, the data processing module processes the signals to obtain accurate measured values, the storage module stores data, and the report generation module automatically generates a test run report containing analysis and conclusion based on the stored values. The problems that the function is single, data integration is difficult and report generation is tedious are solved, the testing efficiency and accuracy are remarkably improved, and manual errors are avoided.

The invention discloses a high-voltage motor pagoda structure direct insulation automatic detection device, which comprises a background system, a pagoda structure detection device and a display device, and is characterized in that the background system is electrically connected with the pagoda structure detection device and the display device; the appearance of the pagoda structure detection device is a pagoda structure, the upper end of the pagoda structure is a high-voltage current-limiting resistor fixedly sealed by a silicone rubber umbrella skirt structure, and the lower end of the pagoda structure is a metal shell. A motor running state input module, a relay output module, a microprocessor, a DC2500 / 5000V boosting module, a high-voltage isolation relay, a current sampling module and an analog-to-digital conversion module are arranged in the metal shell; the motor operation state input module, the relay output module, the microprocessor, the DC2500 / 5000V boost module, the current sampling module, the analog-to-digital conversion module and the high-voltage isolation relay are connected in sequence, and the device can automatically complete insulation resistance detection before the high-voltage motor is put into operation, does not need manual terminal disassembly and assembly, shortens the detection time, and improves the detection accuracy.

Described herein are techniques that improve efficiency of analog-to-digital conversion circuits by reducing idling time, during which the ADC circuit is not converting an analog signal to a digital representation, which reduces associated power consumption from keeping the ADC circuit running during idling time. In some embodiments, chop circuits may be used in combination with a plurality of track-and-hold circuits to acquire one polarity of an input signal and convert another polarity of the input signal during a same sampling period. A chop circuit may be configured to alternate between generating a first polarity of the input signal and a second polarity of the input signal. A first T / H circuit may be configured to acquire one polarity of the input signal from the chop circuit while a second T / H circuit provides another polarity of the input signal, previously acquired from the chop circuit, to an ADC for conversion.

A method is disclosed for programming analog-valued weights in a non-volatile memory array using feedback-based estimation and adaptive pulse modulation. The method includes initializing a target weight, applying one or more programming pulses to a memory cell, estimating a weight state of the memory cell based on analog-to-digital conversion, determining a residual error between the estimated weight state and the target weight, and computing a subsequent programming pulse based on the residual error. The subsequent pulse may be adjusted by selecting a programming voltage from a quantized set of levels responsive to the recent weight response dynamics. The programming process may iterate until convergence may be achieved within a defined threshold. The technique supports precise control of conductance programming using closed-loop feedback and may be compatible with pulse-width, amplitude, and polarity modulation schemes.

A photoelectric conversion apparatus includes a pixel to output a pixel signal, an AD conversion unit to acquire a digital value corresponding to the pixel signal by using a ramp signal. The AD conversion unit includes an amplification circuit, an amplification factor switching circuit, a ramp signal switching circuit, a comparison circuit, and a memory unit, and the AD conversion unit performs analog-to-digital conversion by using the voltage change rate of the ramp signal and the amplification factor of the amplification circuit that are selected using the first decision value and the second decision value.

The invention discloses a multispectral intelligent identification system for protein post-translational modification sites, comprising: a spectral data acquisition module for controlling different spectrum analyzers to perform spectrum scanning and analog-to-digital conversion and formatting on protein samples in parallel to obtain multiple protein multispectral original data; the intelligent analysis module is used for carrying out preprocessing and feature extraction on the multi-spectral original data of each protein to obtain a plurality of standardized spectral feature vectors; fusing each standardized spectral feature vector to obtain a multi-dimensional feature vector, inputting the multi-dimensional feature vector into a pre-trained modification site recognition deep learning model, and outputting a recognition result list, the recognition result list comprises the positions of the recognized protein post-translation modification sites in the protein sequence and modification types corresponding to the protein post-translation modification sites; and the result output module is used for visually displaying and exporting the identification result list. According to the method, the accuracy and flux of protein post-translational modification site recognition are remarkably improved.