The invention discloses a cabin pressurizing oxygen supply system based on aerodynamic turbine driving. The cabin pressurizing oxygen supply system comprises a temperature sensor, a first electric control valve, a first heat exchanger, a water separator, a Venturi pressure stabilizer, a pressure sensor, a first flow sensor, an aerodynamic turbine, a second electric control valve, a hollow fiber membrane separator, a centrifugal compressor, a second flow sensor, a second heat exchanger, a third flow sensor and a controller. According to the invention, the centrifugal compressor driven by the aerodynamic turbine is used for recycling the oxygen-enriched gas of the hollow fiber membrane separator. The oxygen content of the cabin is increased, the pressure height of the cabin is conveniently increased, and the requirement for the structural strength of the cabin is effectively reduced; the air entraining amount of an engine air compressor is reduced, and the compensation loss of an airplane is reduced; the system has no motor drive and is feasible to manufacture; the aerodynamic turbine has the advantages of being high in rotating speed, small in size and large in flow and meets the technical requirement for cabin pressurization and oxygen supply.