Device surfaces are rendered superhydrophobic and / or superoleophobic through microstructures and / or nanostructures that utilize the same base material(s) as the device itself without the need for coatings made from different materials or substances. A
medical device includes a portion made from a base material having a surface adapted for contact with biological material, and wherein the surface is modified to become superhydrophobic, superoleophobic, or both, using only the base material, excluding non-material coatings. The surface may be modified using a subtractive process, an
additive process, or a combination thereof. The product of the process may form part of an implantable device or a medical instrument, including a
medical device or instrument associated with an intraocular procedure. The surface may be modified to include
micrometer- or nanometer-sized pillars, posts, pits or cavitations; hierarchical structures having asperities; or posts / pillars with caps having dimensions greater than the diameters of the posts or pillars.