The invention discloses a super-resolution differential interference phase contrast microscopic imaging system. The system comprises a microscope, a light source, a first lens, a first reflecting mirror, a spatial light modulator, a third lens, a light barrier, a fourth lens and a charge coupled device (CCD), and the microscope is provided with a differential interference phase contrast imaging module. Simultaneously, the invention further discloses a microscopic imaging method based on the imaging system. According to the imaging system and the imaging method, extra sample preparation processes are not required, photobleaching effects and phototoxicity effects are absent, and the imaging contrast ratio is high.