The invention discloses an aluminum oxide belt conveying system. The aluminum oxide belt conveying system comprises a controller, a belt conveyor, a material beating indication lamp, a roller detection switch, a conveying belt off-tracking treatment device, a pull rope switch and a door limiter switch, wherein the belt conveyor, the material beating indication lamp, the roller detection switch, the conveying belt off-tracking treatment device, the pull rope switch and the door limiter switch are connected with the controller. The material beating indication lamp is mounted on an aluminum oxidewarehouse material beating platform. The roller detection switch is arranged on a roller bearing seat and matched with the outer diameter of a roller. The conveying belt off-tracking treatment deviceand the pull rope switch are arranged in the conveying direction of the belt conveyor. The door limiter switch is arranged at an inlet of a maintenance platform of the belt conveyor. When the belt conveyor operates normally, if the controller receives one or more of a shaft rupture signal of the roller detection switch, an off-tracking signal of the conveying belt off-tracking treatment device, an actuating signal of the pull rope switch and a door closing signal of the door limiter switch, the belt conveyor is controlled to stop and the material beating indication lamp is controlled to be off, so that the site emergency stop occurring when an accident is caused is achieved; and the aluminum oxide belt conveying system is high in automation degree and safety. The invention further discloses an aluminum oxide belt conveying method.