The invention discloses a magnetorheological fluid transmission device with variable power, belonging to the technical field of transmission devices. The magnetorheological fluid transmission device comprises a driving shaft, an upper box body, a driven rotor, an electromagnetic coil, a driving drum, a driven shaft and a lower box body, wherein the driving shaft penetrates through an end cover of a left bearing and a driving bearing and is connected with the end surface of the driving drum, the driven shaft penetrates through the driving drum and the end cover and is supported by a driven bearing, the driving drum has a partition structure, a plurality of gaps are partitioned in the driving drum, the driven rotor is positioned in the gaps partitioned in the driving drum and is connected with the driven shaft by a flat key, a gap is left between the inner wall of the driving drum and the outer wall of the driven rotor, magnetorheological fluid is filled in the gaps, and the installation position of the electromagnetic coil corresponds to the installation position of the driven rotor. The magnetorheological fluid transmission device has the beneficial effects that one or more driven motors is/are used according to the need of actual power transfer, the use range and occasions of the transmission device are enlarged, the driven motors can be used alternatively so as to reduce abrasion of surfaces of the driving and driven rotors, and the service life of the transmission device is prolonged.