The present invention proposes a shaft excavation device with variable section, which includes a shield body and a muck conveying system, a cutter head device is arranged under the shield body, the cutter head device is connected with a swing device, and the swing device is connected with a cutter head translation device , the cutter head translation device is slidably arranged on the circular rotation device, and the circular rotation device is arranged on the inner side of the shield body. The present invention swings the cutter head up and down under the action of the oscillating device, uses the cutter head translation device to drive the cutter head to move, and cooperates with the circular gyration device to drive the cutter head device to realize a large revolution, thereby realizing the high-efficiency excavation of different sections of the cutter head, realizing It improves the full mechanization and automation of shaft construction, improves the excavation efficiency, facilitates the disassembly and assembly of equipment, reduces the number of operators, and reduces the labor intensity of personnel; It is a prefabricated structure, and the combination of equipment in the shield can be changed according to different sections, which can be applied to shaft projects with different sections.