The invention provides a method for rapidly hardening, pelletizing and filling tailings of a waste open pit. Comprising the following steps: S1, settling and thickening all tailings; s2, underflow deep dehydration; s3, carrying out rapid hardening, cementing and pelletizing; s4, solidifying and stacking the pellets; s5, transporting and stacking in an open pit; s6, soil dressing covering and ecological restoration. The method comprises the following steps: deeply dehydrating all tailings, adding a gelling agent and an accelerator, forming tailings pellets with a certain size by adopting a pelletizer, and transporting the tailings pellets to an open pit for mechanical stacking and discharging after rapid coagulation. A large number of pores among tailings pellets realize the light weight of a stacking body, and the pressing load on an open pit isolation ore pillar is reduced; a secondary reconstructed water source conservation body is formed, the surrounding hydrological environment of the open pit is not damaged, and ecological restoration of the open pit is facilitated; no bleeding exists in an open pit, the device is not affected by rainwater soaking when encountering rainfall, accumulated water can be rapidly filtered and discharged, and the key problems that the concentration of slurry conveyed by a tailing cemented filling pipeline in the open pit is low, bleeding is much, the strength is ineffective due to rainfall influence, and drainage is difficult can be effectively solved.