276results about How to "Reduce frosting" patented technology

A heat pump system for conditioning regeneration air from a space is provided. The heat pump system is operable in a winter mode and / or a summer mode, and may be selectively operated in a defrost mode or cycle. During a defrost mode, hot refrigerant may be used to directly and sequentially defrost the regeneration air heat exchanger. A compressor may be configured to be overdriven during a defrost cycle.

The invention discloses a frost-less air-source heat pump hot water unit and a proportional-integral-differential control method for the same. The proportional-integral-differential control method includes performing computation according to received air temperature and humidity parameters, received air pressure parameters and received surface temperature parameters of an evaporator when outdoor temperature parameters which are transmitted by a temperature and humidity sensor and are received by a computation controller are lower than 0 DEG C, controlling the opening of an electronic expansion valve according to a computation result and regulating the surface temperature of the evaporator by means of increasing or reducing the opening of the electronic expansion valve so that the surface temperature of the evaporator is constantly higher than a frost formation point; and enabling a silicon-controlled power regulator to judge a suction superheat degree of a compressor according to received suction temperature and suction pressure of the compressor, increasing or reducing the power of an electric heater and maintaining that the suction superheat degree of the compressor only varies within a set value range. The frost-less air-source heat pump hot water unit and the proportional-integral-differential control method have the advantage that adjustment for the opening of the electronic expansion valve is matched with adjustment for the power of the electronic heater, so that the purpose of maintaining safe and efficient running of a system is achieved.

A refrigerant cycle device includes an ejector having a nozzle portion for decompressing refrigerant and a refrigerant suction port from which refrigerant is drawn by a high-speed refrigerant stream jetted from the nozzle portion, and a refrigerant branch passage branched from an upstream side of the nozzle portion in a refrigerant flow such that refrigerant flows into the refrigerant suction port through the refrigerant branch passage. Furthermore, a first heat exchanger is disposed to evaporate refrigerant flowing out of the ejector, a second heat exchanger is disposed in the refrigerant branch passage to evaporate refrigerant, and a temperature sensor is located to detect a temperature so as to detect a frost in the second heat exchanger. In addition, a controller performs a frost prevention control for reducing the frost in the second heat exchanger, in accordance with the temperature detected by the temperature sensor.

An apparatus to be used by motor vehicle drivers under conditions such as freezing rain, sleet or snow to allow improved forward vision. Comprised of a conventional windshield wiper assembly having an electrically conductive arm and a first elongated conductor, such as an insulated wire having a first end opposite a second end is provided, wherein the first end terminated by a first terminal connection at the base end of the wiper arm, and the second end is terminated at the electrical ground plane of the motor vehicle. A second elongated conductor is terminated at one end by a second terminal connection at the distal end of the wiper arm, and at the opposing end is electrically connected to an imbedded heating element in the wiper blade. A third elongated conductor is electrically connected at one end to the electrically opposing terminal on the imbedded heating element in the wiper blade and is routed down the wiper arm and is held close the wiper arm by a harnessing means such as a plurality of spaced clip connectors. The opposing end of the third elongated conductor communicates directly with a voltage control regulator for controlling or stopping electrical current. The system is electrically connected to the motor vehicle's existing fuse box to serve as the electrical power source.

This is a method to prevent the indoor coil-pipe's temperature over lower, and its air conditioner. In the CPU of monotype set, install a temperature test block of the coil-pipe. Use the light-coupled silicon controlled method, according to the temperature of test value to control the alternating voltage of outdoor set, then to realize control the rotating speed of blower in the outdoor set. This invention provide a new electric-control method for fixed-frequency air conditioner, it can dynamic control the rotating speed of outdoor set's blower, to adjust the exchange efficient of this system in certain time interval.

The present invention provides an air conditioner, which can solve the problem that the air conditioner has a special need for heating capacity when the outside air temperature is low and the intake pressure often drops due to frosting on the outdoor heat exchanger. The frequency of start / stop increases and the heating capacity of the room is insufficient. When performing heating operation, when the intake pressure detected by the intake pressure detection device (7) is lower than the specified set value set for each outside air temperature, by making the operation of the compressor (1) The decrease in frequency can not only suppress the decrease of the intake pressure, delay the frosting on the outdoor side heat exchanger (2), but also perform the operation corresponding to the required indoor heating capacity.

The invention provides a sludge carbon fertilizer and a production method thereof, solving the problem of serious environmental pollution caused by the traditional sludge treatment method and incapability of effectively recycling resources contained in sludge. The sludge carbon fertilizer comprises biomass wastes and organic sludge, wherein the mass mixing ration of the biomass wastes to the organic sludge is 1:5-1:1. The invention also provides the production method of the sludge carbon fertilizer, comprising the following steps of: mixing; dryly granulating; carbonizing; cooling; sieving; naturally cooling; and packaging to obtain the sludge carbon fertilizer. Due to the sludge carbon fertilizer produced by adopting the method, the problem of environmental pollution brought about by thetraditional sludge treatment method is solved, and the soil nutrient elements such as organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and the like which are contained in the sludge can be sufficiently recycled, thus the sludge carbon fertilizer can be used as a soil conditioner and a fertilizer slow-release synergist.

The invention relates to an air source heat pump unit and an operating method thereof. A compressor is communicated with an indoor heat exchanger through a first on-and-off valve and a four-way reversing valve; the indoor heat exchanger is connected with a bidirectional liquid accumulator through a first one-way valve; one path is connected to the compressor through an anti-frosting coil, a third throttle valve, an outdoor heat exchanger, the four-way reversing valve, the bidirectional liquid accumulator and a second on-and-off valve; the other path is connected to the compressor through an electromagnetic valve, a second throttle valve and the second on-and-off valve; the first one-way valve is connected in parallel with the first throttle valve; the third throttle valve is connected in parallel with a second one-way valve; the compressor is communicated with the outdoor heat exchanger through the first on-and-off valve and the four-way reversing valve; and the outdoor heat exchanger is connected with the bidirectional liquid accumulator through the second one-way valve and the anti-frosting coil, and then is connected to the compressor through the first throttle valve, the indoor heat exchanger, the four-way reversing valve, the bidirectional liquid accumulator, and the second on-and-off valve. The air source heat pump unit has the advantages of wide temperature application range, frosting delay, and high-efficiency operation all year round.

A multi-cooling type PCM(Phase-Change Material) thermal storage system is provided to reduce heat loss through unnecessary heat exchange by employing insulating panels and maintain desired temperature of a storage container. A multi-cooling type PCM thermal storage system comprises a brine circulation heat exchange coil(10), an air circulation heat exchange tube(5), a circulating pump(9), and a blower(12). The brine circulation heat exchange coil is connected to the circulating pump and heat-exchanges with a low temperature latent heat PCM(11) stored in a thermal storage tank. The air circulation heat exchange tube heat-exchanges the low temperature latent heat PCM secondly. The circulating pump is installed in the upper part of the storage tank and circulates the brine, which is cooled by heat-exchange with the low temperature latent heat PCM, into the brine circulation heat exchange coil. The blower draws the internal air of the storage container, implements first and second heat-exchange with the brine circulation heat exchange coil and the air circulation heat exchange tube, and discharges the multi-cooled air into the storage container in order to maintain the required temperature.

A heat pump system for conditioning regeneration air from a space is provided. The heat pump system is operable in a winter mode and / or a summer mode, and may be selectively operated in a defrost mode or cycle. During a defrost mode, hot refrigerant may be used to directly and sequentially defrost the regeneration air heat exchanger. A compressor may be configured to be overdriven during a defrost cycle.

The invention discloses a modular pressure-bearing heat pump system and a control method thereof, and belongs to the field of heat pump equipment. For solving the problems that in the prior art, the supply pressure of hot water in the existing high-capacity water-consuming system cannot be kept balanced, water for terminals of the water-consuming system suddenly becomes cold and hot, and the capacity tonnage is large, the invention provides the modular pressure-bearing heat pump system and the control method thereof. The modular pressure-bearing heat pump system comprise a main machine, a heating water tank and a plurality of water storage water tanks which are connected in series through circulation pipelines, a water supplementing pipe connected to a tap water municipal pipe network is communicated with the interior of the heating water tank and the first-stage water storage tank, the multiple stages of water storage water tanks are finally communicated with the heating water tank through the circulation pipelines, and the heating water tank is connected with a cold water pipeline and a hot water pipeline of the main machine; and the heating water tank and the last-stage heat storage water tank are communicated with a hot water feeding pipe. According to the modular pressure-bearing heat pump system and the control method thereof, a controller is used for effective setting and controlling, the balance of water pressure of the terminals can be realized, temperature is appropriate, energy consumption is low, and a large amount of power equipment is not needed.

The invention discloses a control method of an air conditioner in a heating mode. The method comprises the steps that the environment temperature of an outdoor unit is obtained through an environmenttemperature sensor, the coil pipe temperature T1 of the outdoor unit is obtained through an outdoor unit coil pipe temperature sensor, the electronic expansion valve is controlled by a controller to adjust the opening degree, when the environment temperature is in the first preset temperature interval, the controller judges whether first preset time t1 and the outdoor unit coil pipe temperature T1meet first preset conditions or not, and if yes, the electronic expansion valve is controlled to be in the first opening degree. According to the control method of the air conditioner in the heatingmode, the low pressure and outer coil temperature are adjusted by comprehensively considering the environment temperature, the air conditioner outdoor unit coil pipe temperature and operation time, the opening degree of the electronic expansion valve is controlled to adjust the low pressure and the outer coil temperature, outdoor unit defrosting is weakened, frequent defrosting is avoided, using comfort is improved for users, and the configuration cost and the after-sales repair cost are not increased.

The invention relates to a gear treatment device and in particular relates to a gear machining and polishing device. A transverse shaft is fixedly mounted on a rack; a gear is mounted on the transverse shaft; a screw rod with a sliding sleeve is arranged on a supporting frame; the end part of a push plate on the sliding sleeve abuts against the gear; the right end of a connecting rod on the supporting frame is hinged to a vertical supporting plate; a cam is arranged on the vertical supporting plate; the upper end and lower end of a polishing part are connected with a rotary shaft; an air chamber is formed between an inner wall of a blade type pneumatic motor which is rotatably mounted on the rotary shaft, and an outer wall of a rotary table; an air inlet and an air outlet, which are communicated with the air chamber, are formed in a side wall of the pneumatic motor; the air inlet is connected with an air blower and a plurality of grooves are formed in the rotary table; the rotary table is fixedly connected onto the rotary shaft; one end of a blade on the inner wall of the blade type pneumatic motor abuts against the inner wall of the blade type pneumatic motor and the other end of the blade is fixedly connected with a spring; one end, connected with the spring, of the blade is clamped into the groove; the problems that the polishing strength on saw teeth of a gear is not uniform and vibration marks easily form on the polished gear are solved.

The invention relates to a refrigerator with an automatic defrosting function and a defrosting control method thereof. The refrigerator comprises a compressor, a condenser, a dry filter, a three-way valve, a first capillary tube, a second capillary tube, a first evaporator, a second evaporator, a fan, a check valve, a gas-liquid separator, an electromagnetic valve, a relative humidity sensor and a controller. Under the condition of refrigeration, refrigerant is throttled through the first capillary tube and then is evaporated in the first evaporator, so as to generate cold; under the condition of frost collection, the refrigerant flows into the second evaporator through the second capillary tube, and air in the refrigerator is driven to perform forced convection by the fan through the second evaporator and is condensed into frost through phase change, so as to achieve the purpose of frost collection; under the condition of defrosting, the high-temperature refrigerant discharged by the compressor directly enters the second evaporator through the electromagnetic valve, so as to defrost; after the compressor is started, the frost condition operation is performed first, so as to capture water vapor in the refrigerator, then the refrigeration operation is performed, and whether the defrosting operation is performed is determined according to defrosting determination conditions. No frost exists on the inner wall surfaces of the refrigerator, automatic defrosting can be accurately performed in time, and the refrigeration effect can be guaranteed.

To provide a vehicle air conditioning apparatus capable of smoothly performing temperature adjustment of a battery and a temperature-adjusted object other than the battery that are mounted on a vehicle. A vehicle air conditioning apparatus includes an equipment temperature adjusting device 61 for circulating a heating medium to a battery 55 and a traveling motor 65 to adjust the temperature of the battery 55 and the temperature of the traveling motor 65. The equipment temperature adjusting device includes circulating pumps 62, 63, and 87 for circulating the heating medium to the battery and the temperature-adjusted object, a refrigerant-heating medium heat exchanger 64 for exchanging heat between a refrigerant and the heating medium, an air-heating medium heat exchanger 67 for exchanging heat between outdoor air and the heating medium, and three-way valves 81 to 83 for controlling circulation of the heating medium to the battery and the traveling motor.

An air conditioning device has a blower, a compressor, a radiator, a decompressor, a heat absorber, and a controller. The compressor compresses and discharges a refrigerant. The radiator dissipates a heat of the refrigerant to the air thereby heating the air. The decompressor decompresses the refrigerant after the heat of the refrigerant is dissipated in the radiator. The refrigerant decompressed in the decompressor absorbs heat from outside air in the heat absorber. The controller determines whether the heat absorber is in a frosted state in which a frost is formed on the heat absorber or whether the heat absorber is in an estimated frosted state in which a frost is possibly formed on the heat absorber. The controller performs a frost delay control to delay a formation of the frost when the controller determines that the heat absorber is in the frosted state or the estimated frosted state.

A heat exchanger is provided including a first manifold and a second manifold separated from one another. A plurality of tube segments arranged in a spaced parallel relationship fluidly couple the first and second manifold. The plurality of tube segments includes a bend defining a first slab and a second slab. The second slab is arranged at an angle to the first slab. The heat exchanger has a multi-pass configuration relative to an air flow including at least a first pass and a second pass. The first pass has a first flow orientation and the second pass has a second flow orientation. The second flow orientation is different from the first flow orientation.

The invention relates to an oil gas adsorption-condensation treatment device capable of defrosting without shutdown and an oil gas recycling method. The oil gas adsorption-condensation treatment device comprises a pair of adsorption towers, a first-grade heat exchanger, a second-grade heat exchanger, a third-grade heat exchanger and a vacuum pump, wherein a condensation system for oil gas condensation and separation is formed by the first-grade heat exchanger, the second-grade heat exchanger and the third-grade heat exchanger; oil gas is pre-condensed so that water vapor and part of hydrocarbons in the oil gas are condensed firstly; then the oil gas enters hydrophilic silica gel filling layers in the adsorption towers through inlet pipelines at the bottoms of the adsorption towers and an oil gas mixture to be recycled is further subjected to drying treatment; then the oil gas mixture is subjected to adsorption recycling through active carbon filling layers at the upper parts of the adsorption towers; high-concentration oil gas which is desorbed by the adsorption towers in vacuum enters the condensation system again through a regeneration pipeline and then is subjected to condensation recycling; all the heat exchangers of the condensation system are coupled together and a condensation / defrosting mode of a condenser is carried out at the same time, so that the aims of running thecondensation system without the shutdown and improving the working efficiency are realized.

The invention provides an energy-saving compound air-conditioning device for a food freezing and thawing device, and the device comprises three circulations which are a solution dehumidification circulation system, a refrigeration working medium circulation system and an air circulation system for a freezing room and a thawing room respectively. The food freezing and thawing process is as follows: air entering into the freezing room firstly passes through a solar solution dehumidification system for dehumidification and enthalpy drop and further is processed into low-temperature saturated air through an evaporator to cool food, the air out of the freezing room firstly passes through a heat exchanger for carrying out heat exchange with return air of the thawing room under the actin of a fan, then passes through an atmospheric condenser for heating and humidification and further passes through a second-path evaporator in the thawing room for further temperature adjustment and humidity adjustment so as to carry out thawing treatment on the food, an electric heater behind the heat exchanger is used as an air temperature rising auxiliary device, and the return air passing through the thawing room of the heat exchanger enters into the solution dehumidification system for processing and is further sent into the freezing room for realizing the whole circulation under the actin of the fan. The energy-saving compound air-conditioning device is mainly applied in food freezing and thawing compound systems, and has great energy-saving effect.

The invention provides a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger comprises a first row of heat exchanger and a second row of heat exchanger which are arranged side by side; and the first row of the heat exchanger comprises fins and the second row of the heat exchanger comprises fins. The density of the fins of the first row of the heat exchanger is different from that of the fins of the second row of the heat exchanger. The different densities of the fins are set according to different layer numbers, so that the frost formation of a micro channel heat exchanger can be reduced, and the capacity of the running of a system and the efficiency are improved.

The invention relates to a defrosting air source heat pump system. The defrosting air source heat pump system comprises a compressor, a reversing valve, a first solenoid valve, a first heat exchanger,a second solenoid valve, a first throttle mechanism, a second throttle mechanism and a second heat exchanger which are sequentially arranged on a refrigerating fluid loop; and a third heat exchangeris arranged on the second heat exchanger located outdoors in parallel. According to the defrosting air source heat pump system, on one aspect, the system successfully solves the problem about the low-position heat sources (low-grade heat energy which cannot be directly used and includes air, soil, water, solar energy, industrial waste heat and the like) during defrosting, and the problems that thedefrosting time is long and the defrosting reliability is poor due to the fact that no low-position heat sources exists during frosting are solved; and on the other aspect, the system takes heat fromthe outdoor environment, the problem that during traditional defrosting, the low temperature refrigerating fluid flows through the indoor heat exchanger, and therefore the poor thermal comfort causedby indoor environment temperature fluctuation when heat supply is recovered is solved.

The invention provides an evaporator and an application method of the evaporator. The evaporator comprises an evaporating pipe, a fin group and a driving mechanism. The evaporating pipe comprises a plurality of parallely arranged straight pipes; the fin group comprises a first fin group and a second fin group; the first fin group comprises a plurality of parallely arranged first fins and the second fin group comprises a plurality of parallely arranged second fins, and the first and second fins are arranged in a spaced manner; the driving mechanism drives the first fin group or the second fin group to move along the straight pipes, so that the separation distances between the first fins and the adjacent second fins are adjusted conveniently. Compared with the prior art, the separation distances among the fins of the evaporator can be adjusted, so that the separation distances among the fins can be adjusted according to different working conditions, the frosting or freezing speed of theevaporator is reduced further, the wind resistance of recirculating air passing the fins is reduced, and therefore, the heat exchange efficiency of the evaporator is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of refrigerators, and discloses a refrigerator frozen air duct assembly and a refrigerator. The refrigerator frozen air duct assembly comprises a front airduct plate, a rear air duct plate and an air guide convex plate; the front air duct plate is provided with a draught fan and an air outlet; the rear air duct plate comprises a draught fan opening, the front air duct plate and the rear air duct plate are arranged oppositely and fixed by each other, and thus the draught fan aligns the draught fan opening; the air guide convex plate is located between the draught fan and the air outlet and used for shunting and guiding cold air blown by the draught fan to draught fan opening. Through the refrigerator frozen air duct assembly and the refrigerator, the air guide convex plate is arranged to effectively shunt the cold air, make air-out smooth and even and improve the refrigeration performance of the refrigerator; a water discharge groove is formed to discharge condensate water in time, the condensate water is prevented from being frozen by low temperature and blocking an air duct, and thus the refrigeration effect is ensured; an air amount adjustment assembly is arranged to achieve the purpose of controlling the amount of the cold air by manually adjusting the opening degree of an air door, the structure is simple, and the cost is reduced.

The invention relates to an improved centrifugal type wind wheel as well as a volute and a turbine fan assembly. The wind wheel comprises a bottom plate, multiple blades and a stirrup, wherein the multiple blades are distributed on the bottom plate at intervals, the stirrup is connected with the multiple blades, and the multiple blades and the bottom plate form a negative pressure region; the envisaging projection shape of each blade is a right angle trapezoid, the sloping side of each blade faces to the negative pressure region, the width of the top side of each blade is less than that of the bottom side of each blade, and the connecting part of the top side and the sloping side of each blade is provided with a half-baked groove; the centrifuge wind wheel provided by the invention has the characteristics of large air quantity, small noises, low cost, high energy efficiency and the like as compared with the centrifuge wind wheel in the same specification; and the volute is provided with an edgefold stretching into the half-baked groove of the wind wheel, the volute and the edgefold are connected in a match manner so as to be capable of effectively preventing gas from flowing back to an air inlet, and increase the inlet air area effectively, and meanwhile, the air pressure generated by the wind wheel is prevented from counteraction on the incoming air from the air inlet so as to counteract part of air input. If a motor is same, the diameter and height of the wind wheel and the torsion angle of the blades are same, and an air duct system is same, the air quantity of the centrifugal type wind wheel provided by the invention can be improved by more than 20%.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a split type heat pump air conditioner which comprises a controller and an outdoor unit which is provided with a compressor and an outdoor heat exchanger. The outdoor heat exchanger is provided with a gas flow hole; the gas flow hole is communicated with an exhaust hole or a gas inlet of the compressor by a four-way valve; a bypass pipeline is also arranged between the exhaust hole of the compressor and the gas flow hole of the outdoor heat exchanger; a solenoid valve is arranged on the bypass pipeline; a gas pressure sensor is arranged on the gas flow hole and is used for sensing the air pressure of the gas flow hole; the controller receives a gas pressure value Ps detected by the gas pressure sensor under a heating mode and regulating the open degree of the solenoid valve according to the gas pressure value Ps detected by the gas pressure sensor so that the gas pressure of the gas flow hole is more than or equal to a set gas pressure value P0, so that the frosting of the outdoor unit can be effectively delayed; therefore, the problem of the solution to the frosting of the outdoor unit during heating of the split-type heat pump air condition can be solved.

Cooler (107) provided on the back surface side of a refrigerator, the cooler for generating cool air, defrosting heater (132) provided below cooler (107), and cooler cover (120) having cool air return port (135) are provided. Center of defrosting heater (132) is set on the upper side of a lower surface of a freezing compartment, projection member (136) protruding into the interior side is arranged on the lower surface of the freezing compartment, and a lower end of cool air return port (135) and an upper end of projection member (136) are overlapped with each other in the height direction.

The present invention relates to a refrigerator with prefrosting function. It includes a box body, said box body at least has a cooling chamber, and the interior of said box body is equipped with a cooling air-circulating channel for cooling chamber, and the evaporator of cooling air is placed in the circulating channel. In order to inhibit frost formation of evaporator a prefrosting component formed by using metal component is placed in said refrigerator, said prefrosting component is mounted in the front of evaporator in the cooling air circulating process. Said invention can reduce frost formation of evaporator, the cooling air anjd evaporator can be mutually fully contacted, so that it can raise heat exchange efficiency, and also can prolong the defrosting cycle of evaporator.

A system and method of controlling an air-cooled refrigerator. The air-cooled refrigerator includes a refrigerating compartment, a refrigerating evaporator, and a refrigerating fan for circulating an air between the refrigerating evaporator and the refrigerating compartment. The method may include steps of: detecting a temperature TL in the refrigerating compartment; determining whether the temperature TL is greater than or equal to a first predetermined temperature T1, and starting the refrigerating evaporator to refrigerate the refrigerating compartment and adjusting a rotating speed of the refrigerating fan to r1 if the temperature TL≧T1; determining whether the temperature TL is less than a second predetermined temperature T2 if the temperature TL<T1; stopping the refrigerating evaporator and detecting a temperature TH of the refrigerating evaporator if the temperature TL<T2; and adjusting the rotating speed of the refrigerating fan according to the temperature TH to adjust a humidity in the refrigerating compartment.

The invention discloses an adsorption recycling device and method for acrylonitrile gas. The adsorption recycling device comprises a condensation loop and a temperature-variable and pressure-variable adsorption loop, the condensation loop comprises a cold box heat exchanger, an antiexplosion refrigerating compressor, a throttling element, a condensing heat exchanger and a gas-liquid separator, and the temperature-variable and pressure-variable adsorption loop comprises a frequency-variable air pump, a return heat exchanger, a three-way switching valve, a cold box heat exchanger, a liquid-gush-preventive tank, a temperature-variable and pressure-variable adsorption device and an antiexplosion vacuum pump. Acrylonitrile gas is recycled and purified through the condensation loop and the temperature-variable and pressure-variable adsorption loop, concentration of acrylonitrile gas reaches milligram grade finally, and secondary pollution when a unit runs is eradicated completely.

The invention discloses a door body with an air pressure balance function, and refrigerating equipment. The door body with the air pressure balance function comprises an insulation door and a handle; a ventilation pipe is arranged in the insulation door; the handle is provided with a valve for opening and closing an outer pipe orifice of the ventilation pipe; an elastic air cavity is formed in the inner surface of the insulation door; and an inner pipe orifice of the ventilation pipe communicates with the elastic air cavity. The requirement of reaching internal and external air pressure balance of a box body during opening of the door is realized; the internal frosting of the box body caused by air pressure balance is reduced; and the user experience is improved.