The invention discloses a block chain backup system and a backup method.The block chain backup system comprises a rack, a heat dissipation assembly, a case, a protective cover, a displayer, a backup host, a data transmission assembly, a protective assembly, a backup unit and a waterproof base, and the heat dissipation assembly is fixedly installed on the bottom end face of the rack; a waterproof base is arranged below the bottom of the heat dissipation assembly, a case is fixedly installed on the end face of the top of the rack, a protective cover is fixedly installed on the outer side of the case, and the bottom of the protective cover is fixedly connected with the end face of the case; according to the block chain backup system, the overall structure is good in protection performance, and the service life of the display can be effectively prolonged; furthermore, data transmission is facilitated, and the dustproof effect is good; the disaster tolerance is high, and the reliability of data backup is ensured; meanwhile, the method has relatively high data confidentiality; through the use of the threshold secret sharing scheme, reliable data backup can be realized, and the storage space can be effectively saved.