284 results about "Motor fuel" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of new energy vehicles, in particular to a multi-working-condition energy management method and system for a hybrid chariot, and the method comprises the steps: determining a corresponding working condition weight coefficient through obtaining the altitude, environment temperature and road condition data in real time, and the real-time working parameters of three power sources, namely an engine, a fuel cell and a lithium battery, so as to achieve the multi-working-condition energy management of the hybrid chariot; the system constructs a multi-objective optimization model based on the data to realize comprehensive fuel consumption minimization, lithium battery SOC balance and lithium battery life protection, and the model comprises establishment of a power source efficiency parameter mapping relation, determination of a corresponding relation between lithium battery power and cycle life, and construction of a membership function of an optimization objective. By adopting a method of combining Pareto local optimization and fuzzy evaluation, the optimal power distribution proportion among the engine, the fuel cell and the lithium battery is calculated, the overall efficiency of the hybrid chariot is effectively improved, and the service life of the hybrid chariot is effectively prolonged.

A gas turbine engine, comprising a compressor section, combustion section, and turbine section in serial flow arrangement, with the combustion section comprising: a combustor liner at least partially defining a combustion chamber; a wall coupled to the combustor liner; a first fuel supply to supply a first fuel; a gaseous fuel supply to supply a gaseous hydrogen fuel; and a fuel nozzle assembly coupled to the wall and fluidly coupled to the first fuel supply and the gaseous hydrogen fuel supply, the fuel nozzle assembly comprising: a main mixer; and a fuel nozzle comprising an outer wall defining a pilot channel and an outer wall fuel orifice to emit at least one of the first fuel or the gaseous fuel radially outward into the main mixer; and a secondary mixer disposed in the pilot channel.

The invention discloses a coking inhibition additive for heat absorption type hydrocarbon fuel. The coking inhibition additive comprises hydrazine monohydrate, distilled water and stearic acid terminated hyperbranched polyethyleneimine CHPEI. The invention also provides a preparation method of the heat absorption type hydrocarbon fuel coking inhibition additive, which comprises the following steps: weighing hydrazine monohydrate, adding distilled water, and stirring until the hydrazine monohydrate and the distilled water are uniformly mixed; adding CHPEI particles, and stirring until the CHPEI particles are completely dispersed; the mixture is put into a high-speed homogenizer to be stirred, and it is ensured that the mixture is in a uniform sticky paste shape; the invention also provides an application of the heat absorption type hydrocarbon fuel coking inhibition additive. According to the coking inhibition additive and the application thereof provided by the invention, high-temperature coking of aerospace engine fuel can be effectively inhibited; and a pseudo-homogeneous system which is low in freezing point, good in overload resistance stability and uniform in appearance can be formed with hydrocarbon fuel.

A system is provided for an aircraft. This aircraft system includes an engine, a fuel system and an air system. The fuel system includes a fuel circuit, a fuel source, a heat exchanger and a turboexpander. The fuel circuit is configured to direct fuel from the fuel source, through the heat exchanger and the turboexpander, to the engine for combustion. The heat exchanger is configured to transfer heat energy from combustion products generated by the combustion of the fuel in the engine into the fuel in the fuel circuit. The air system is discrete from the engine. The air system includes an air compressor and the turboexpander. The air system is configured to expand the fuel directed across the turboexpander by the fuel circuit to power operation of the air compressor.

A turbine engine for an aircraft includes a gas turbine engine having a fuel system that provides fuel to a combustion section. The fuel system includes a variable displacement pump driven by an accessory gearbox powered by a shaft of a gas turbine engine. The variable displacement pump has an inlet side and an outlet side. The variable displacement pump includes an actuator configured to adjust a discharge flow rate of the variable displacement pump. The fuel system also includes a fuel metering valve configured to receive the pressurized fuel from the variable displacement pump and control a flow rate of the pressurized fuel to the combustion section. The fuel system further includes a bypass valve fluidly coupling the outlet side and the inlet side of the variable displacement pump to direct excess of the pressurized fuel at the outlet side back to the inlet side.

The invention discloses a methanol engine fuel supply system and a control method. According to the system, an integrated fuel supply structure is adopted, and preheating of methanol fuel is achieved through cooperative work of an electronic methanol pump, a methanol combustion heater, an electronic water pump and a methanol guide rail. The innovation points are as follows: 1) the engine and the heater share a methanol box, a methanol coarse filter, an electronic methanol pump and a methanol fine filter; (2) a methanol combustion heater heats cooling liquid through methanol combustion, and the cooling liquid exchanges heat with methanol fuel through a methanol guide rail; and 3) an intelligent control strategy: when the system automatically judges that the starting mode and the starting condition do not meet the conventional starting mode, automatically entering a cold starting mode and preheating the methanol fuel, displaying the engine starting mode through a signal lamp mode, intelligently judging the engine starting state, and intelligently starting the methanol fuel under the condition that a driver does not start the engine for a long time. The methanol fuel temperature can be maintained through a control program, and the cold start state of the engine is kept.

The present invention relates to an ammonia recovery / discharge system and a control method therefor. The ammonia recovery / discharge system of the present invention is designed for a ship using ammonia as fuel and comprises: an ammonia tank; an engine; a fuel supply unit; a fuel recovery unit; an air supply line; an air discharge line; and a working fluid circulation unit, wherein the working fluid circulation unit comprises an ejector that supplies high-pressure working fluid to circulate air or ammonia in the working fluid circulation unit.

The invention relates to a method for operating a fuel injector (10) of an engine, which fuel injector (10) comprises: • a housing (11) extending axially along an injector axis (A) from a proximal end (10.1) to a distal end (10.2) and having a nozzle (12) at the distal end (10.2), • a pintle (13) being axially movable between an open position (C) and a closed position (B) in which it closes the nozzle (12), • an armature (14) being axially movable between a passive position (D) and an active position (E) and adapted to move the pintle (13) to the open position (C), and • a magnetic coil (16) for magnetically attracting the armature (14) towards the active position (E) and being operable by a coil current I C, wherein, during a regular injection (110), a profile of the coil current I C comprises an acceleration phase P A with a regular acceleration duration T A, R during which the coil current I C is adapted to accelerate the armature (14) towards the active position (E), a deceleration phase P O during which the coil current I C is decreased to decelerate the armature (14), and a retention phase P R during which the coil current I C is increased to keep the armature (14) in the active position (E). In order to optimize the opening process of a fuel injector, the invention provides that the method comprises performing at least one calibration process (150), which comprises defining a current acceleration duration T A, C based on the regular acceleration duration T A, R and performing at least one calibration iteration (200) with the following steps: • performing (210) a first calibration injection by performing the acceleration phase P A using the current acceleration duration T A, C and afterwards reducing the coil current I C to decelerate the armature (14), • performing a measurement to detect a lift-stop feature LS indicating that the armature (14) has reached the active position (E), and • if the lift-stop feature LS is detected at a lift-stop time t LS, comparing the lift-stop time t LS with a projected retention-start time t RS of the retention phase P R based on the current acceleration duration T A, C, and changing (260) the current acceleration duration T A, C depending on the comparison, wherein, if a convergence criterion related to the current acceleration duration T A, C is fulfilled in one calibration iteration (200), the regular acceleration duration TA, R is re defined (280) based on the current acceleration duration TA, C and the calibration process (150) is ended, and otherwise, a next calibration iteration (200) is started.

The utility model relates to the technical field of engines, in particular to a methanol engine fuel cabin which comprises a fuel cabin body and a mounting plate located at the upper end in the fuel cabin body, at least two circles of strip-shaped through holes evenly distributed along the circumference are formed in the mounting plate, and sliding pieces are arranged in the strip-shaped through holes in a sliding mode. A vibration rod of which the bottom end extends to the bottom surface of the fuel cabin body is fixedly arranged on the sliding part in a penetrating manner; an ultrasonic generator for driving the vibrating rods to vibrate at high frequency is fixedly arranged at the center of the mounting plate in a penetrating manner; a transmission piece for connecting the top of the ultrasonic generator with the top ends of the vibrating rods is arranged between the top of the ultrasonic generator and the top ends of the vibrating rods; the top of the ultrasonic generator is further provided with a first driving mechanism used for driving the multiple vibration rods to move in the radial direction of the mounting plate. According to the fuel cabin, the vibration rod and the ultrasonic generator are arranged, methanol fuel is always kept in a uniform mixing state through the vibration rod which vibrates at high frequency, precipitation and layering are avoided, natural circulation flowing of the methanol fuel in the cabin is promoted, and the uniformity of the fuel is kept.

The present invention relates to a method for testing localized emission factors of operating ships, including S1, building a localized emission factor testing system to ensure that the testing system can collect complete ship operating data and emission data in real time, the operating data includes the speed collected in real time by the speedometer and the engine fuel consumption, engine speed, and engine torque collected in real time by the ECU; the emission data includes the gas composition and concentration in the engine exhaust pipe measured by the exhaust analyzer; S2, ship operating condition and emission measurement: before the engine is started, the ship operating data and emission data are measured until the engine stops; S3, localized emission factor calculation: the localized emission factor is calculated by the data in the operating ship operating database and the operating ship emission database. The present invention can realize the localization of emission factors of operating ships, reduce the uncertainty of emission accounting of operating ships, and has the advantages of strong versatility, high accuracy, simple structure, and convenient installation.

The invention relates to the technical field of ship ammonia fuel power systems, in particular to an ammonia fuel waste heat and Kalina cycle coupling utilization system which comprises an ammonia fuel supply system and a Kalina cycle system, the ammonia fuel supply system comprises a fuel tank and an engine, and low-temperature ammonia fuel in the fuel tank is conveyed to the engine through a supply pipe to do work; the Kalina circulating system comprises a separator, a steam turbine and a generator, ammonia gas in the ammonia fuel supply system is mixed with exhaust gas through an ammonia gas pipe to form an ammonia water solution, and the ammonia water solution sequentially flows through a second heat exchanger and a third heat exchanger through a pipeline and then enters the separator; ammonia steam is separated from the separator to drive the steam turbine to do work and generate electricity through the generator, and exhaust gas generated after the steam turbine does work is mixed with ammonia gas in the ammonia fuel supply system; high-temperature smoke generated after the engine does work is exhausted after heat exchange through the third heat exchanger through the smoke exhaust pipe, and surplus fuel after the engine does work is subjected to heat exchange through the second heat exchanger through the liquid return pipe and then flows back to the fuel tank.

A turbine engine can utilize a combustor to combust fuel to drive the turbine, which drives the engine. A fuel nozzle assembly can supply fuel to the combustor for combustion or ignition of the fuel. The fuel nozzle assembly can include a swirler and a fuel nozzle to supply a mixture of fuel and air for combustion. Increasing efficiency and carbon-containing emission needs benefit from the use of alternative fuels, which combust at higher temperatures than traditional fuels, requiring improved fuel introduction without the occurrence of flame holding or flashback.

The invention discloses a variable-angle jet atomization and combustion testing device and method for multiple oil injectors of an engine, the inner wall of a constant-volume combustion bomb is cylindrical, the inner wall is matched with the geometrical shape in an engine cylinder, and the spraying and combustion characteristics of fuel jet of the engine can be better simulated; a test result can be better applied to internal combustion engines carried by vehicles / ships and the like; the spraying and combustion characteristics of the multi-element green fuel can be tested and analyzed by replacing the oil sprayer / injection valve and the oil sprayer end cover matched with the oil sprayer / injection valve; by replacing the fuel injectors at different windows, a plurality of same ignition fuels can ignite one main combustion fuel, one ignition fuel can ignite a plurality of same main combustion fuels, and a plurality of same ignition fuels can ignite a plurality of same main combustion fuels; and an observation window or an oil sprayer end cover is used at the window to realize different functions of window observation or oil spraying, so that spray jet flow and combustion characteristics at 90 degrees and 180 degrees can be tested.

The invention discloses a high-emission diesel vehicle identification method and system based on vehicle-mounted diagnostic data. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring basic data of a diesel vehicle; the diesel vehicle basic data comprises diesel vehicle online monitoring data collected in real time through a vehicle-mounted terminal system; adding a timestamp and a vehicle identification code to the diesel vehicle online monitoring data; on the basis of a data processing rule, the diesel vehicle online monitoring data is cleaned and filtered to ensure the accuracy of the data; according to the processed data, nitric oxide mass flow and emission factors of the diesel vehicle are calculated; the calculation process of the emission factor comprises the following steps: according to the processed data, judging whether the vehicle travel accords with a second-by-second sampling characteristic or not; if yes, the nitrogen oxide mass flow and the engine fuel flow are added up, and the ratio of the nitrogen oxide mass flow and the engine fuel flow serves as the emission factor of the day; otherwise, the emission factor is calculated second by second according to the ratio of the nitric oxide mass flow to the engine fuel flow, and the median of the data sequence is taken as the emission factor of the day; and determining the high-emission diesel vehicle according to the nitrogen oxide mass flow and the emission factor. According to the method, the emission factors are introduced, and the emission factors and the nitrogen oxide emission amount are simultaneously used as judgment criteria to evaluate the emission performance of the vehicle, so that the accuracy and effectiveness of diesel vehicle emission supervision can be improved.

The invention discloses an agricultural machinery operation carbon emission measuring and calculating method based on operation parameters, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural machinery carbon emission monitoring and evaluation. The problem of inaccurate measurement and calculation of the carbon emission of agricultural machinery operation caused by changeable existing operation conditions is solved. The method comprises the steps that firstly, the output power of an engine is calculated, a fuel consumption rate model is established through the output power, the fuel density of the engine and the combustion efficiency of the engine, and instantaneous fuel consumption is obtained; the real-time carbon emission rate is obtained in combination with the instantaneous fuel consumption; calculating a load factor according to the advancing speed, the slip rate and the operation soil parameters of the agricultural machine, and obtaining a load correction factor by using the load factor; calculating an environment temperature correction factor and an altitude correction factor according to the agricultural machinery operation environment parameters and the altitude of the operation area; and correcting the carbon emission rate by using three correction factors, calculating the work consumed by the operation, and calculating the comprehensive carbon emission of the agricultural machinery operation in combination with the corrected carbon emission rate. The method is suitable for agricultural machinery operation carbon emission calculation.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel oil, and particularly relates to hydrogen energy engine fuel oil taking coal-to-oil as a base material and a preparation method of the hydrogen energy engine fuel oil. Comprising the following components: 35-45 parts of coal-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis crude liquid wax, 5-15 parts of white oil, 2-8 parts of heavy wax, 15-25 parts of hydrogenated anthracene oil, 2-8 parts of fatty acid methyl ester, 15-25 parts of hydrogenated coal diesel oil and 1-5 parts of an additive. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, weighing the raw materials according to the proportion of the fuel oil of the hydrogen energy engine; and S2, adding the raw materials into a stirring container, and uniformly stirring to obtain the hydrogen energy engine fuel oil. The fuel oil does not belong to dangerous chemicals, the ignition performance of the fuel oil is superior to that of current national 6 diesel oil, the terminal sale price of the fuel oil is lower than that of the diesel oil, and market requirements are met.

The present invention provides a method, device, apparatus, and readable storage medium for distributing fuel in an ammonia-diesel engine, comprising: determining an engine fuel distribution mode when the engine is at a preset time; determining the required torques of diesel and ammonia at the preset time based on the engine fuel distribution mode; determining the diesel fuel quantity based on the required torque, diesel thermal efficiency, diesel calorific value, and engine displacement at the preset time; and determining the ammonia quantity based on the required torque, ammonia thermal efficiency, ammonia calorific value, and engine displacement at the preset time. This invention can effectively reduce the large amount of carbon emissions generated by diesel combustion, while also effectively addressing the problems of difficult combustion and insufficient reaction of pure ammonia fuel, thereby improving the thermal efficiency and fuel economy of the engine.

The invention discloses a fuel injection control method, device and equipment and a medium. The method comprises the steps that the injection back pressure during fuel injection of an engine is determined according to working condition parameters of the engine; the actual injection pressure is determined according to the injection demand pressure and the injection back pressure during fuel injection of the engine; according to the method, by introducing a dynamic compensation mechanism of the injection back pressure, the effective injection pressure difference can be accurately reflected, the control precision and the system robustness under the working condition of the small oil amount are remarkably improved, and the control precision and the system robustness under the working condition of the small oil amount are improved. And in an engine platform upgrading or multi-mode operation scene, whole machine rack calibration does not need to be carried out again, the development cost is greatly reduced, and the adaptability and engineering efficiency of fuel injection control are improved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of support equipment of a reciprocating compressor unit, and particularly discloses a fuel gas system of a wellhead gas reciprocating compressor unit, which comprises a gas taking port, a first cooler, a coalescence type filter and an engine, a pressure reducing valve is arranged between the first cooler and the coalescence type filter, the engine is connected with the coalescence type filter, a compressor and a second cooling device are arranged between the gas taking port and the first cooler, one end of the compressor is communicated with the gas taking port, and the other end of the compressor is communicated with the second cooler. Compared with the prior art, according to the technical scheme, well head gas can reach the ideal state of fuel gas of an engine in the aspects of pressure, temperature and purity, and the use requirement of the engine for the fuel gas is met.

A method for producing a motor fuel includes telomerizing ethylene and an alcohol mixture comprising ethanol under suitable conditions to form a mixture comprising C5-C8 alcohols; dehydrating the mixture comprising the C5-C8 alcohols to form a mixture comprising C5-C8 olefins; oligomerizing the C5-C8 olefins to form C10-C24 olefins; hydrogenating the C10-C24 olefins to form C10-C24 paraffins; and isolating a fraction of the C10-C24 paraffins. The isolated fraction may be used to form a motor fuel selected from gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and mixtures thereof.

The utility model discloses a high-power pure vaporizer, and belongs to the technical field of fuel supply of gas engines. The engine comprises a body, a throat pipe, a throttle valve, a variable frequency motor, an air inlet cavity and a multi-channel air inlet structure (a high-speed air inlet channel, a medium-speed air inlet channel and a low-speed air inlet channel). Through the caliber gradient design (high speed > medium speed > low speed) of each channel and outlet position optimization (high speed is in the middle, the medium speed is close to the lower part and the low speed is close to the upper part), and in combination with a throttle valve and a limiting adjusting mechanism driven by a variable frequency motor, dynamic adjustment of gas flow under different working conditions is realized, the mixing efficiency is improved, the energy consumption is reduced, and the emission standard is met.

The invention discloses a fuel mixing and supplying mechanism of a dual-fuel engine, and relates to the field of fuel mixing, the fuel mixing and supplying mechanism comprises a cylinder bridge, a connecting rod, an air compression assembly and a cylinder assembly, the air compression assembly comprises an air compression outer barrel, an air compression inner barrel, an air compression piston and an air supply mechanism, and the cylinder assembly comprises a cylinder piston, an air cylinder sleeve and an oil pumping mechanism. When the air compression outer barrel moves along with the air cylinder bridge, the air supply mechanism sucks air and fuel gas in a self-suction mode through the pressure difference of a cavity in the air compression process, the air and the fuel gas are mixed in proportion, the mixed gas is conveyed into a combustion chamber of the air cylinder sleeve, and quantitative supply of the mixed gas can be achieved without additional supercharging equipment; fuel oil is pumped into the air cylinder sleeve through the oil pumping mechanism, the gas supply mechanism feeds mixed gas of fuel gas and air in a self-suction mode for layering or homogeneous mixing, the dual-fuel supply system can flexibly adjust the proportion of the fuel gas and the fuel oil according to the load working condition, the combustion process is optimized, and emission of harmful gas is reduced while power output is guaranteed.

Engines can utilize combustors to combust fuel to drive the engine. Fuel nozzle assemblies can supply fuel to the combustor for combustion or ignition of the fuel. The fuel nozzle assemblies can include a swirler and a fuel nozzle to supply a mixture of fuel and air for combustion. Changing the geometry of the swirler can provide improved air supply, which can improve efficiency and flame control.

The invention provides a failure determination device and a failure determination method. A fuel supply system is provided with a hydrogen engine, a fuel tank, hydrogen piping, and first and second shutoff valves that serve as shutoff valves for shutting off hydrogen gas. When an operation for requesting to stop the hydrogen engine is performed, the malfunction determination device executes a malfunction determination routine in which, after the shut-off valve is closed, the decrease speed of the pressure of hydrogen gas downstream of the shut-off valve is observed in a state in which the hydrogen engine is continued to operate, and when the decrease speed is slower, it is determined that the shut-off valve is not normally closed. When an operation requiring operation of the hydrogen engine is performed during execution of the failure determination routine, the failure determination device opens the shut-off valve and stops the failure determination routine in a state in which the hydrogen engine continues to operate.

The utility model discloses an engine fuel control switch, which relates to the technical field of fuel switches and particularly comprises a switch valve seat, two sides of the switch valve seat are respectively provided with two fuel inlet pipes, the bottom of the switch valve seat is provided with a fuel outlet pipe, and one end of each fuel inlet pipe far away from the switch valve seat is detachably connected with a guide pipe assembly. A valve rod is connected to the top of the switch valve seat in a penetrating mode, a valve element is connected to the bottom of the valve rod, and a stirring assembly is fixedly installed at the top of the valve rod and can drive the valve element to rotate relative to the switch valve seat through the valve rod so as to open and close the fuel inlet pipe. According to the engine fuel control switch, the driving handle rotates to drive the valve rod and the valve element to be rotationally connected with the fuel inlet pipe or close the fuel inlet pipe, after the driving handle is adjusted, the clamp can be clamped and fixed with the chuck under the driving of elastic potential energy of the spring, so that the valve element is locked, and the stability of fuel supply is guaranteed.

A sea-going cargo carrier having a primary driving-mechanism and one or more back-up engines comprises liquefied hydrogen (LH2) tanks 10, hydrogen boil-off gas (BOG) compressors 18, compressed hydrogen containers 22 to store the compressed hydrogen, and pipework 24 to supply the compressed hydrogen to the back-up engines. The compressors compress the BOG from the liquefied hydrogen tanks to provide compressed hydrogen. The primary driving mechanism can be one or more of an internal combustion engine, a hydrocarbon-fuel engine, or one or more sails. The cargo carrier can be a liquefied gas carrier or a goods carrier. When the cargo carrier is a liquefied hydrogen carrier, it can have liquefied hydrogen tanks which are able to provide hydrogen BOG as a back-up engine fuel source. The BOG compressors can compress the BOG from the liquefied hydrogen tanks to a pressure above 200 barg. The compressed hydrogen containers can be isotainers.

An engine may utilize a burner to combust fuel to drive the engine. A fuel nozzle assembly may supply fuel to the burner for combustion or ignition of the fuel. The fuel nozzle assembly may include a swirler and a fuel nozzle to supply a fuel and air mixture for combustion, which may supply a primary fuel supply and a secondary fuel supply. Increased efficiency and reduced emissions require the use of alternative fuels that burn at higher temperatures or at faster burn rates than conventional fuels, requiring improved fuel introduction without flame holding or flashback.

A gas turbine engine fuel system includes a fuel delivery system, an oil cooling subsystem, and a fuel conditioning subsystem. The fuel delivery subsystem delivers fuel to a gas turbine engine, and the oil cooling subsystem receives heated oil from the gas turbine engine. The fuel conditioning subsystem includes a fuel / oil cooler that is in fluid communication with the fuel delivery subsystem to receive the fuel and is in fluid communication with the oil cooling subsystem to receive the heated oil, the fuel / oil cooler configured to transfer heat from the heated oil to the fuel. A thermal coking sensor is in fluid communication with the fuel and is configured to generate a signal in response to interacting with the fuel. A controller is configured to determine a coking temperature indicating an onset of coking in the fuel based on the signal.

The present invention is applicable to the field of engine fuel pretreatment technology and provides a micro hydrogen bubble / diesel fuel preparation and supply device, comprising: a fuel tank, a controllable oil valve, a diesel filter, a three-way valve, a low-pressure fuel pump, a nanobubble generator, a first hydrogen bubble / diesel fuel storage device, an electronic control unit, a second hydrogen bubble / diesel fuel storage device, a high-pressure fuel pump, a high-pressure fuel rail, a fuel injector, an engine, and a hydrogen supply and hydrogen detection seal. The diesel flow channel between the fuel tank and the high-pressure fuel pump constitutes the low-pressure fuel circuit. The fuel tank outlet is connected to the inlet of the controllable oil valve, the outlet of the controllable oil valve is connected to the inlet of the diesel filter, the outlet of the diesel filter is connected to the first inlet of the three-way valve, and the third outlet of the three-way valve is connected to the inlet of the low-pressure fuel pump. The present invention provides a micro hydrogen bubble / diesel fuel preparation and supply device, and the fuel rail pressure sensor can measure the fuel rail pressure and transmit the signal to the electronic control unit.