The invention discloses a method for rapid preparation of a vanadium-nitrogen alloy. The method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing ingredients: weighing and taking a vanadium pentoxide powder, a graphite powder, a sodium silicate aqueous solution and an iron powder for standby application; S2, pretreating: mixing evenly the above raw materials, pressing into oblate spheroids, and drying; S3, feeding: placing the dried oblate-spheroid material on a graphite material basket, sending into a vacuum furnace by a transfer device, sealing the vacuum furnace, and starting a vacuum pump; S4, carrying out vacuum nitridation sintering: allowing the temperature in the furnace to reach 1400-1500 DEG C in 5 hours, then stopping the vacuum pump, carrying out deep carbonation and nitridation reaction, and continuously filling nitrogen during the reaction; and S5, discharging: after vacuum treatment, continuing to fill the nitrogen, cutting off power, cooling the vacuum furnace, when the temperature is dropped to 190-210 DEG C, stopping supplying nitrogen, opening the furnace, and taking out the graphite material basket. The method has the advantages of simple operation, low production cost, accurate process control, fast preparation, low energy consumption, and stable product production; and the vanadium-nitrogen alloy prepared by the method is high in nitrogen content and low in impurity content.