32 results about "Thermal probe" patented technology

The invention relates to a system for monitoring the operating status of a cooling device for the heat transfer fluid of a cooling circuit of an electric, hybrid or fuel cell motor vehicle, said vehicle having a valve (V) capable of having a first position and a second position; said valve moving from the first position to the second position when the temperature of the battery measured by said thermal probe is above a predetermined threshold temperature, said supervisor being configured to compare the temperature values ​​from the first temperature sensor and the third temperature sensor to monitor the operating status of said cooling device.The invention also relates to a method for monitoring the operating status of a cooling device for the heat transfer fluid in a cooling circuit of an electric, hybrid or fuel cell motor vehicle. Figure 1.

The invention relates to the technical field of engineering monitoring in a frozen soil region, and particularly discloses a remote monitoring and diagnosis system for a working state of a hot rod in a frozen soil region based on edge calculation, which comprises the following steps of: constructing a thermodynamic state matrix with a space-time correlation characteristic by deploying a multi-source sensor to synchronously collect temperature, pressure and environment wind speed data of a key part of the hot rod; a feature extraction method combining multi-scale decomposition and physical constraint is adopted to generate nonlinear dynamic response features capable of distinguishing environmental interference and real faults; a multi-dimensional diagnosis vector is constructed based on phase-space reconstruction and trajectory analysis, and comprehensive health degree parameters are generated through feature level fusion in combination with real-time environment parameters; a health state classification model with a fuzzy boundary is established, and four-level health level judgment considering the duration effect is achieved; through correlation analysis of environment disturbance and state evolution, an edge-cloud collaborative adaptive optimization mechanism is constructed.

A thermomechanical heating response testing system and methods of performing a thermomechanical test on a sample are presented. A thermomechanical heating response testing system comprises a dichroic mirror configured to combine beams from a plurality of lasers, an objective immediately following the dichroic mirror, the plurality of lasers, and a multichannel lock-in amplifier configured to receive input from a thermal probe detector configured to receive a thermal probe sample beam of the thermal probe laser reflected from a sample and a mechanical probe detector configured to receive a mechanical probe sample beam of the mechanical probe laser reflected from the sample. The objective is configured to focus the beams of the plurality of lasers in a coaxial configuration on a sample. The plurality of lasers comprises a heating laser having a first wavelength, a thermal probe laser having a second wavelength, and a mechanical probe laser having a third wavelength.

Provided is a heat therapy system capable of controlling temperature which is used by being connected to a commercial power source and which, while reducing the risk of occurrence of a dangerous electric shock to a human body, can safely and reliably provide a therapeutic effect by heating a lesion with a thermal probe in which a microheater inserted inside is heated by energization. A thermal probe 10, which comprises a microheater 2 including a heater body 230 and a temperature detection element 240 accommodated in a hollow portion formed inside a heat transfer pipe 210 and which heats a lesion by puncturing, being inserted into, or pressed against the lesion, is detachably connected to a control device 20. In the control device, an isolated power source unit 30 converts a commercial power into a low-voltage DC power for driving the heater, and a heater power control unit 40 controls, on the basis of a temperature detection result obtained by the temperature detection element 240 arranged in the microheater 2, the DC power that is supplied to the microheater 2 provided in the thermal probe 10 so that the temperature becomes equal to or higher than a temperature at which protein of the lesion undergoes irreversible thermal denaturation, and equal to or lower than a temperature at which the lesion undergoes local boiling.

The invention discloses an anti-coking heat exchange probe, and relates to the technical field of probes, the anti-coking heat exchange probe comprises a base, a heat exchange probe, a cleaning assembly and a driving assembly, the heat exchange probe is provided with a thermocouple wire used for measuring temperature, and the heat exchange probe is U-shaped and comprises a first probe section, a second probe section and a third probe section which are connected in sequence; the first probe section and the third probe section are arranged in parallel and connected with the base, the cleaning assembly comprises a first cleaning ring and a second cleaning ring, the first cleaning ring slidably sleeves the first probe section, the second cleaning ring slidably sleeves the third probe section, and the driving assembly is used for driving the first cleaning ring to move to clean ash on the surface of the first probe section. The second cleaning ring is driven to move to clean ash on the surface of the third probe section. According to the anti-coking heat exchange probe, ash attached to the surface of the probe is cleaned, coking is avoided, the probe can be continuously used, and the measurement accuracy and the measurement efficiency of the probe are improved.

Method for dismantling geothermal probes (3), in which a probe body (30) consisting of probe line (31) and solidified screed filling (32) is overdrilled by means of a drilling device (1) with the supply of flushing fluid, which comprises a drill string (13) driven forward by rotation via a drill head (10) with a tubular cylindrical drill rod (11) and with a drill bit (12) attached to its end region lying in the direction of drilling, characterized in that that the end section (112) of the drill string (13) equipped with the drill bit (12) is advanced rotatingly without or at a small distance of up to a few centimeters, in particular 0 - 20 mm from the probe body (30) or in contact with the probe body (30) - at least partially overlapping it circumferentially in the direction of the current drilling axis, that the drill bit (12), which widens in a funnel shape towards its end face, is set into vibration during drilling while rotating over the drill string (11) in the direction of the drilling axis and that the drill bit (12) is guided along the probe body (30) via a flexible pipe section (111) which is integrated at least in the lower part of the drill string (11).

The embodiment of the invention provides a gray laser direct writing method based on probe-assisted positioning, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining the height information of the surface of a two-dimensional material through a probe contact-feedback mechanism by using a scanning thermal probe in an atomic force microscope mode, and achieving the sub-nanometer focus searching and positioning of the surface of the two-dimensional material; submicron-scale local energy distribution is formed on the surface of the two-dimensional material; performing laser scanning direct writing on the target area of the two-dimensional material, and performing layer-by-layer atom stripping on the two-dimensional material; and forming a gray scale structure with continuous height change on the surface of the two-dimensional material. According to the gray laser direct writing method based on probe auxiliary positioning, through combination of probe auxiliary positioning and maskless laser direct writing, processing can be directly carried out on a target material, and the gray laser direct writing scheme based on probe auxiliary positioning is provided with sub-nano-scale vertical resolution. The embodiment of the invention further provides a gray laser direct writing device based on probe auxiliary positioning.

A multi-sensor fire alarm device has a core (9) with a base (20) for engaging a ceiling and having a longitudinal axis. A cover (2) surrounds some of the core, and has vents (4, 204, 5, 205) to allow flow of ambient air radially inwardly into a first level (AF1) closest to the base and to flow (AF2) into a second level above the first level. An optical smoke chamber (160) is mounted centrally in the first level, and there are only two thermal probes on diametrically opposed sides near the vents in the second level. Air entering the second level is either directly incident on a thermal probe (50) or is deflected circumferentially towards it by a deflector (55) in the second level, and so there is only need for two probes. Guides provide air flow paths (150, 151, 152) from the first level to the smoke chamber Vents (204) for the first level have an insect-blocking mesh(204(a)) and vents (205) for the second level do not have such a mesh so that there is an open space for inflowing air without obstructions to affect temperature of the air.

The present invention relates to thermal storage unit (100) comprising a core (140), an inner layer (130) enclosing said core (140), an outer layer (120) enclosing the inner layer (130); and a casing (110) enclosing the outer layer (120). The unit (100) further comprises a conduit (180) arranged within the core medium (140), and wherein a porosity of the conduit (180) is higher than a porosity of the core (140). The unit (100) comprises a thermal probe (160) extending into the conduit (180), a resistive heater (170) installed in the thermal probe (160). The unit (100) further comprises an air circulation unit (190) having an outlet tube (191) and an inlet tube (192) for providing and discharging the air from the conduit (180), and a thermal energy extraction unit (150) configured to extract the thermal power from the unit (100).

The invention relates to a thermal probe arrangement (100) for a thermal measuring device (200) with a probe body (1) and to a thermal measuring device (200) with a thermal probe arrangement (100), for example, a thermal flow meter and / or a temperature measuring device. The probe body (1) has a holding device (4) with a retaining element to which a second thermal sensor element (2b) is attached. The retaining element (5) has, at least in some areas, a flat surface with a coupling surface (AK), wherein the second thermal sensor element (2b) is attached to the coupling surface (AK) by a contact surface (KF) and is thus thermally contacted. The flat surface of the retaining element lies transversely to the longitudinal axis (LA), and the second thermal sensor element (2b) couples thermally to the probe body (1), in particular exclusively, via the holding device (4).

This invention provides a temperature-controlled heating therapy system that connects to a commercial power supply, minimizing the risk of dangerous electric shock to the human body, and safely and reliably delivering therapeutic effects by heating the lesion with a thermal probe. [Solution] The control device 20 includes a microheater 2 in which a heater body 230 and a temperature detection element 240 are housed in an air core formed inside a heat transfer tube 210, and a thermal probe 10, which is detachably connected to the lesion to heat the lesion by puncturing, inserting, or pressing against the lesion, converts the commercial power supply into a low-voltage DC power supply for driving the heater using an isolated power supply unit 30, and controls the DC power supplied to the microheater equipped with the thermal probe using a heater power control unit 40, based on the temperature detection result of the temperature detection element arranged in the microheater, so that the temperature is above the temperature at which the proteins in the lesion irreversibly denature and below the temperature at which the lesion locally boils.

The utility model discloses a thermal type gas mass flow meter which comprises a sensor body, an inlet flow guide pipe, an outlet flow guide pipe and a display device, the inlet flow guide pipe and the outlet flow guide pipe are connected with two sides of the sensor body, and the display device is fixed on the sensor body. The display device comprises a display shell base fixed on the upper surface of the sensor and a display shell buckled on the display shell base, a hollow circular groove is formed in the top of the sensor body, the thermal probe is located in the circular groove, two probes of the thermal probe extend into the sensor body, the thermal probe is connected with the PCB control panel above through a wire, and the PCB control panel is connected with the display shell base through a wire. A colored crystal screen is arranged at the top of the display shell and connected with a PCB control board located below the colored crystal screen through a wire, and an aviation plug connector is arranged at the side end of the display shell. The thermal type gas mass flow meter is small in size, convenient to mount and dismount and stable in performance.

The invention relates to a system for monitoring the operating status of a cooling device for the heat transfer fluid of a cooling circuit of an electric, hybrid or fuel cell motor vehicle, said vehicle having a valve (V) capable of having a first position and a second position; said valve moving from the first position to the second position when the temperature of the battery measured by said thermal probe is above a predetermined threshold temperature, said supervisor being configured to compare the temperature values ​​from the first temperature sensor and the third temperature sensor to monitor the operating status of said cooling device.The invention also relates to a method for monitoring the operating status of a cooling device for the heat transfer fluid in a cooling circuit of an electric, hybrid or fuel cell motor vehicle. Figure 1.

The application belongs to the field of measurement and control, and provides a stress-controllable near phase change region frozen soil thermal conductivity measuring device and method, which comprises a sealed pressure chamber, a stress loading unit, a deformation real-time monitoring unit, a unfrozen water content monitoring unit and a thermal conductivity measuring unit, the sealed pressure chamber is used for bearing a sample to be tested, the stress loading unit is arranged outside the sealed pressure chamber, the deformation real-time monitoring unit, the thermal conductivity measuring unit and the unfrozen water content monitoring unit are arranged on the sealed pressure chamber, the deformation real-time monitoring unit, the unfrozen water content monitoring unit and the thermal conductivity measuring unit are connected with a data processing system, according to the axial deformation and the unfrozen water content change of the sample to be tested, the change of the pore ratio and the phase change latent heat are respectively calculated, the thermal conductivity is corrected and calculated based on the line heat source model combined with the temperature change. The application is stress-controllable, accurately considers the melting latent heat caused by the heating of the thermal probe, and has scientific and practical significance for the test of the near phase change region frozen soil in the real stress state.

The invention belongs to the field of measurement and control, and provides a stress-controllable near-phase-change-region frozen soil heat conductivity coefficient measuring device and method.The stress-controllable near-phase-change-region frozen soil heat conductivity coefficient measuring device comprises a closed pressure chamber, a stress loading unit, a deformation real-time monitoring unit, an unfrozen water content monitoring unit and a heat conduction measuring unit; a stress loading unit is arranged outside the closed pressure chamber, a deformation real-time monitoring unit, a heat conduction measuring unit and an unfrozen water content monitoring unit are arranged on the closed pressure chamber, and the deformation real-time monitoring unit, the unfrozen water content monitoring unit and the heat conduction measuring unit are all connected with a data processing system. Calculating void ratio change and phase change latent heat respectively according to axial deformation and unfrozen water content change of the to-be-tested sample, and correcting and calculating the heat conductivity coefficient based on a linear heat source model by combining temperature change. The stress is controllable, melting latent heat caused by heating of the thermal probe is accurately considered, and the method has scientific and practical significance in testing of the frozen soil in the near-phase-change region in a real stress state.

Exemplary thermal retention coverings including a flexible fluid-impermeable outer shell having two outer layers sealed around their perimeters, one or more interior layers disposed between the outer layers, such as a flexible radiant barrier layer, an open cell layer or material, and / or a flexible thermal insulation layer, and a portal configured to receive a thermal probe into an interior space between a first one of the outer shell layers and the interior layers, the first outer shell layer including a patient side surface configured to oriented toward a patient. The covering is configured to retain patient body heat by creating a barrier to conductive, convective, and / or radiant patient body heat loss and is configured to enable improved monitoring of a temperature of a patient by monitoring the patient temperature from the interior space.

The invention discloses a method for evaluating the ice content of frozen soil based on thermal probe static sounding and a thermal probe static sounding system, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the penetration and soil texture discrimination of a thermal probe, and after the thermal probe reaches a target depth, carrying out the controllable heating and continuous heating at a set power, and forming a local unsteady-state temperature field around the probe; a heat dissipation curve of soil around the probe is collected in real time, characteristic parameters are extracted from the heat dissipation curve, and a frozen soil heat diffusion coefficient is calculated; inverting the ice content of the frozen soil, carrying out layered progressive test, and repeating the steps 2-5 until the ice content test of the frozen soil in the whole exploration depth range is completed; and analyzing ice content calculation results at different depths, drawing a distribution curve, and comprehensively evaluating the structural characteristics, the ice distribution state and the thermodynamic property of the frozen soil. Limitation of traditional mechanical testing is broken through, a frozen soil ice-water phase change mechanism is introduced, the influence of the frost heaving-thaw settlement effect on mechanical behaviors can be systematically evaluated, and accurate characterization of frozen soil mechanical characteristics is achieved.

This invention provides an integrated resistance-of-thermal scanning thermal probe and its fabrication method, belonging to the fields of micro / nano fabrication, nanoscale thermal characterization, and scanning probe technology. The integrated resistance-of-thermal scanning thermal probe of this invention includes a substrate, an oxide layer, a low-resistivity silicon layer, a probe arm, a tip, and a metal electrode. Based on an AFM probe, this invention employs a probe arm separation structure and fabricates electrodes on the separated probe arms to inject current into the probe. Furthermore, this invention uses an ion implantation process to form a high-implantation, low-resistivity region outside the tip, while the tip region is a high-resistivity region without implantation. This ensures that most of the injected electrical energy is generated as heat in the tip region, creating a significant temperature difference between the tip and the sample being measured, facilitating the measurement and determination of the sample's temperature. The tip size of this invention can be reduced to below 10 nanometers, and the scanning thermal probe fabricated by this invention can provide a nanoscale temperature distribution.

Provided is a method to initiate and analyze chemical derivatives formed from pyrotechnic smoke reactions. Milligram quantities of a lab-scale pyrotechnic smoke composition are reacted by encapsulation with a metal probe that is rapidly heated, which then sublimes the organic dye, allowing for the testing of all of the gas-phase products for identification by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The thermally decomposed ingredients and new side product derivatives are identified at lower relative abundances compared to the intact organic dye. Any remaining residues within the thermal probe are optionally reconstituted into solution for further analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry if desired. The results are processed via a machine learning quantitative structure-activity relationship model that provides data related to health and environmental hazards.

In a thermal anemometry method of measuring a flow velocity of a flowing fluid, a probe is arranged in the flowing fluid. An electric current is passed through the probe to heat up the probe to a temperature that is higher than an ambient temperature. An amperage of the electric current through the heated probe and a voltage dropping over the heated probe are measured, while the electric current heating up the probe is passed through the heated probe. The flow velocity is determined using the temperature of the heated probe, a change in the temperature of the heated probe and an electric power supplied to the heated probe by the electric current, which are all determined from the amperage and the voltage, and using a heat capacity of the heated probe.

The invention discloses a PVC film coating aging performance detection method based on thermal analysis, and particularly relates to the technical field of high polymer material thermal analysis. Providing a to-be-detected PVC film coating sample and carrying out drying treatment; under a set inert gas or oxygen-containing mixed gas atmosphere, carrying out a temperature rise test by using a thermogravimetric analysis device; a micro-area photo-thermal probe imaging system is integrated on a sample cavity of the thermogravimetric analysis device and is used for synchronously acquiring a temperature distribution image on the surface of a sample; micro-area temperature rise rate and thermal diffusion characteristics are identified through an imaging system, and in combination with thermogravimetric analysis data, a local temperature rise acceleration abnormal value and a mass loss derivative peak value are generated; based on the identified abnormal point location, correcting or marking the pyrolysis curve by using a graph neural disturbance suppression algorithm, and outputting an optimized aging performance analysis result; according to the method, local abnormity caused by the oxidation window effect can be accurately identified and eliminated, and the accuracy and reproducibility of thermal stability evaluation of the PVC film coating are remarkably improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of civil explosive materials, and relates to an ammunition nursing system which comprises a furnace body, a nursing device and a sequential cooling system, the furnace body and the nursing device are arranged in an up-and-down communicating mode, a frame body is arranged in the nursing device and connected with the nursing device in a matched mode through a screw rod, and a lifting motor used for driving the frame body to ascend and descend is arranged at the upper end of the nursing device. Hot probes are arranged on the frame body and are communicated in series through pipelines, hot cups are correspondingly arranged at the lower ends of the hot probes and are communicated in series through pipelines, the inner walls of the hot cups are of hollow structures to form hot water circulating channels, the bottoms of the hot cups are open, and the hot probes can penetrate through the bottoms of the hot cups to extend downwards into the bomb body; and the sequential cooling system is used for performing gradient cooling on the ammunition subjected to heat preservation nursing according to a preset temperature-time curve. The ammunition nursing system aims at solving the problems that in existing ammunition nursing, heat preservation monitoring and gradient cooling are lacked, the monitoring accuracy of a temperature field and an ammunition charging state in an ammunition body is insufficient, and temperature fluctuates in the nursing process.

An ear canal inserted device 2300, having at least two thermistors 205, 207 for observing temperature gradients in the user's ear canal, and optical plethysmography sensors 215, 217. Changes in temperature gradients, heart rate changes, and pulse amplitude are monitored to determine the risk that the user is facing an impending heat stroke.

The invention discloses a device and a method for measuring the thermal conductivity of a high-thermal-conductivity material film, and belongs to the technical field of thermophysical parameter testing. The device comprises a laser modulation heating module, a detected sample and positioning platform module, a micro-thermal probe detection module and a data analysis and control module, the laser modulation heating module is used for forming modulatable local heating light spots on the surface of the sample; the micro-thermal probe detection module detects a periodic oscillation signal of the surface temperature of the sample; the data analysis and control module is used for adjusting laser parameters, collecting temperature signals and analyzing and calculating heat conductivity; correcting system thermal resistance and environmental heat dissipation errors in a steady-state stage, acquiring thermal diffusion characteristics of a sample by analyzing amplitude and phase response of temperature oscillation in a transient stage, and performing fitting solution by using a heat conduction model; the device is compact in structure, high in non-destructiveness, high in sensitivity, excellent in spatial resolution and suitable for accurate measurement of the thermal conductivity of micron-scale to millimeter-scale high-thermal-conductivity film materials.

This invention discloses a method for distributed synchronous determination of soil hydrothermal parameters using heated optical fibers. The steps are as follows: burying an optical cable in the soil to be tested to sense the temperature of the surrounding soil; briefly energizing the metal layer inside the optical cable to generate Joule heating; measuring the temperature increment of the surrounding soil and its change over time; establishing a functional relationship between soil moisture and measured thermal conductivity; determining soil moisture at different points along the optical fiber using thermal conductivity measurements at different spatial locations; and evaluating the accuracy of the optical fiber method for soil moisture determination using the root mean square error (RMSE). The beneficial effects of this invention are: starting from the inherent characteristics of optical fibers and considering the influence of fiber structure and materials, this invention establishes a thermal conductivity correction model for the optical fiber method, using the thermal probe method as a reference, thereby improving the accuracy and universality of the optical fiber method for determining soil hydrothermal parameters.

A system for testing a wafer chuck includes: a thermal test vehicle (TTV) that includes a substrate and thermal probes disposed on the substrate; and a vehicle controller configured to control heating of the substrate by the thermal probes and to store temperature data generated by the thermal probes.

The application discloses a non-thermal sensitive material micro-area interface purification method based on an AFM thermal probe scanning technology, and aims to solve the technical problem of excessive contact resistance between a sensitive material and an electrode caused by organic polymer residues in the process of transferring the sensitive material and the electrode material and manufacturing a sensor. The application is based on the AFM thermal probe scanning technology, and according to the basic principle that the instantaneous heat released by the AFM thermal probe can remove the polymer, the application proposes a method for removing the organic polymer residues on the surface of the sensitive material by using the thermal probe scanning technology, improving the micro-area interface purification of the contact between the sensitive material and the electrode material, realizing the accurate removal of the organic polymer residues in the process of transferring the sensitive material, achieving the purpose of micro-area interface purification, and further improving the performance of the sensor.

The invention belongs to the technical field of rock mass heat conductivity coefficient testing, and particularly discloses a weak structure rock mass heat conductivity coefficient testing method based on an unsteady state line source heat transfer theory, and the method comprises the following steps: drilling a testing hole in a weak structure rock mass by adopting a dry drilling technology, and backfilling the testing hole with a thermal coupling agent; a thermal probe is inserted into the center of the test hole backfilled with the thermal coupling agent, so that the thermal probe is in contact with the rock mass through the thermal coupling agent; the thermal probe is heated at constant power, and data of the temperature of the thermal probe changing along with time in the heating process are collected; screening out a data segment of which the heat transfer time meets the requirements of a quasi-steady state heat transfer stage from the collected data of which the temperature changes along with time; fitting is conducted on the basis of the screened data segments according to the unsteady-state linear heat source theory and the linear relation between the temperature and the natural logarithm of the heat transfer time, the slope of a fitting straight line is obtained, and the heat conductivity coefficient of the weak-structure rock mass is calculated according to the slope and the heating power. The device can accurately test the heat conductivity coefficient of the weak-structure rock mass.

The invention discloses a minimally invasive optical fiber photo-thermal probe for tumor thermal ablation and a preparation method and system, relates to the technical field of medical instruments, and aims to solve the problems that an existing photo-thermal treatment optical fiber probe is low in photo-thermal conversion efficiency, poor in temperature controllability, insufficient in biocompatibility and stability and difficult to adapt to high-power laser input. According to the technical scheme, a functional section is located at one end of a multimode optical fiber; the functional section further comprises a tail end tapering part, a polishing and etching part and a twisting part which are sequentially arranged from left to right, the exterior of the functional section is further coated with a packaging pipe, and a filling material is arranged between the packaging pipe and the functional section; by means of the collaborative design of twisting-tapering-etching composite structure optical fiber and medical needle tube packaging, the light field constraint and energy coupling efficiency are enhanced through a composite structure, the heat convergence effect of a needle tube is combined, precise photothermal conversion under high-power laser is achieved, stable output within the cancer cell lethal temperature range of 40-65 DEG C is achieved, and the cancer cell death rate is increased. And the clinical requirements of photo-thermal treatment are met.

The invention relates to the technical field of river ice column collection, and discloses a special device for collecting seasonal frozen river ice columns and performing layered cutting, which comprises a main body capable of walking and positioning on the surface of a river ice layer; the cylinder is arranged at the front end of the body; the icebreaking mechanism is provided with a barrel-shaped drill bit and is used for downwards drilling into a river ice layer and forming an ice column sample and a reserved section; the cut-off mechanism is provided with a heating probe assembly and a liquid nitrogen conveying assembly, the heating probe assembly can be inserted from outside to inside and heat the reserved section, and the liquid nitrogen conveying assembly can output liquid nitrogen spray to the reserved section. A cylindrical drill bit is used for drilling a river ice layer to form an ice column sample and a reserved section, a heating probe assembly is inserted from outside to inside and heats the reserved section, so that the reserved section is locally heated to form thermal expansion stress, then the temperature of the reserved section is instantly reduced through liquid nitrogen spraying, the area is instantly contracted, reverse thermal stress is formed, and the reverse thermal stress is formed. And the ice column is spontaneously broken at the reserved section.